Background and Aim: The concept of HOPEFULNESS in adolescents and its role in the health of this group are very important. Therefore, a valid and reliable tool to measure this concept is essential. This methodological study was performed to identify psychometric properties (validity and reliability) of “HOPEFULNESS Scale for Adolescents” (HSA) in high school students of Tehran.Materials and Methods: In this methodological research, 1918 girl and boy students from districs 3, 5, 9, 10 and 18 of Education Organization in Tehran were selected by random cluster sampling method. The subjects were asked to complete the scale along with a demographic questionnaire and Self efficacy scale of Sherer et al. as a criterion scale. Construct and criterion validities were identified for the validity of the scale and internal consistencies as well as test-retest were measured for its reliability. Data were analyzed by calculation of factor analysis, coefficients of correlation and Cronbach’s alpha.Findings: Construct validity was measured by exploratory factor analysis and revealed 2 factors, namely, optimistic and pessimistic thinking toward future. Coefficient correlation (r) of scores between the scale and Self-efficacy scale of Sherer et al. was 0.588 (P<0.001). Cronbach’s alpha andcorrelation (r) of scale scores in 2 times were 0.834 and 0.445 respectively.Conclusion: HOPEFULNESS Scale for Adolescents has satisfactory validity and reliability and can be used to measure HOPEFULNESS in this group.

Desperation and HOPEFULNESS are the two important themes in contemporary poetry which the poets, following the political and social events, have used them in their poetry. After the fall of Dr. Mosaddegh in the coup of Mordad 28, 1332 Persian poetry, because of strangling, declined and consequently the political poetry became cryptic.Siawash Kasrai is of the poets who set to compose their poetry with political themes. There are some poems in his works which represent his political ideas. The theme of his poetry includes mostly desperation, HOPEFULNESS and an approach to death.In every part of his works, one can find despair allusions. In the first glance he seems to be the most hopeful contemporary poet since he looks at the world with optimism and rejects despair, but the fact is the opposite, because most of his poetry despite having hope renders hopelessness which has been stemmed from Iran's political, social and general failure. Anyhow, he is the man who is optimist to Iran's future, the country which is overwhelmed with despair and few people predict good destiny for it. We've tried to deal with HOPEFULNESS and hopelessness in Kasrai's poetry.

Current studyaimed to predict the degree of newcomer students’ homesickness based on HOPEFULNESS and attachment styles. In order to conduct the study, 170 first-year students of Buali Sina University of Hamedan were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling. Then, the use was made of Adult Attachment Inventory, (Hazen and Shaver 1987), Sympson’s Adult Domain-Specific Hope Scale (1999) and Archers’ et al. Homesickness Questionnaire (1998). Data analysis was performed by hierarchical regression and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).Results of hierarchical regression showed that secure attachment (p<.0001) and HOPEFULNESS (p<.002) significantly and negatively predicted homesickness feelings. Moreover, results of analysis of covariance showed that gender significantly affected on homesickness beyond the HOPEFULNESS and attachment styles variables; so that, compared to female students, males experience less homesickness feeling (p<.004). It can be concluded that secure attachment, HOPEFULNESS and gender (male) effectively decrease newcomer students’ degrees of homesickness.

Introduction: HOPEFULNESS and self-esteem are as symbols of mental health which are affected by quality of close contact with others which is deeply related to attachment style. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between attachment style and self-esteem and HOPEFULNESS in nursing students of Tabriz medical University in 2013.Methods: In this descriptive correlational study 218 nursing students of Tabriz Medical University participated. The tool that was used included: Collins and Reid Attachment Inventory, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Saunders hope scale. Data were analyzed by SPSS software and with using descriptive statistics methods, Pearson's test and regression analysis.Results: The results showed positive and significant correlation between students' secure and insecure attachment styles with self-esteem and negative and significant correlation between students’ anxious / ambivalent attachment style with self-esteem. About HOPEFULNESS, results showed positive and significant correlation between students’ secures attachment styles and negative and significant correlation between students’ insecure and anxious/ ambivalent attachment styles with HOPEFULNESS.Conclusion: The present study indicates that secure attachment is an important factor to increase self-esteem and HOPEFULNESS. So it is proposed that workshops and classes be held by respected academic authorities through academic consultants and psychologists to inform parents and families of the effect of attachment styles on mental status and make effort to prevent insecure attachment style with using professional counseling and appropriate education plans.

Objective(s): The purpose of this methodological research was to translate the HOPEFULNESS Scale for Adolescents (HSA) into Persian and study its psychometric properties in a convenience sample of 120 Iranian institutionalized adolescents.Methods: Translation and back-translation of the original English scale and content validation through Waltz and Bussel Content Validity Index were initial steps of the study. The next step was the psychometric testing of the adapted scale by establishing construct validity (factor analysis), criterion-related validity, internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) and stability (test-retest reliability).Results: Content validity procedure resulted in a final scale that consisted of 24 items (like the original version). Factor analysis yielded one factor. Correlation between HSA and Cooper-Smith Self-Esteem Inventory and Sherer’s Self-Efficacy Scale were r=0.59 (P<0.001) and r=0.487 (P<0.001). Internal consistency of the scale as assessed by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was α=0.83, and test-retest reliability with a 2-week time interval was ICC=0.60.Conclusion: The Persian version of HSA is a valid & reliable scale to measure HOPEFULNESS in institutionalized adolescents.

Life skills are considered the most important parameters in marital relations and life expectancy. Today, life skills are regarded as one of the most practical trainings for decreasing marital conflicts and preventing divorce. The study aimed at investigating life skills training effectiveness in increasing marital satisfaction and HOPEFULNESS. The study was an experimental research with pre-test, post-test with control group. Participants of the study included 20 couples assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group experienced a 10 session, 2 hour instructional intervention held once a week. The instruments of the study were Evaluating & Nurturing Relationship Issues Communication and Happiness Questionnaire (ENRICH) and Sneider and et al’s HOPEFULNESS Questionnaire (HQ). The results demonstrated that there was a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores of the experimental group. The results also indicated that life skills training applications can strengthen marital life and increase couples, marital satisfaction and HOPEFULNESS.

HOPEFULNESS is a pleasant feeling which is resulted from faith and cognition towards the origin of the universe. This valuable gift leads man towards worldly bliss and eternal optimal perfection. However, human of the current era, despite his victories upon natural resources, is always afraid of future and life-related issues. Even in religious societies some persons suffer from hopelessness (disappointment) due to neglecting Islam's valuable treasures. Thus, the present article, by reviewing verses and narratives in brief, tries to express the effects of HOPEFULNESS and trust in God on the individual's happiness and bliss in the world and the hereafter. According to the principle of priority of prevention over treatment, by considering these effects one may prevent hopelessness outbreak and maintain and reinforce HOPEFULNESS in oneself. Effects of HOPEFULNESS have been reviewed in this article. HOPEFULNESS is a motivation for human's movement and effort, returning towards God, achieving life's goal, thanksgiving, facing the problems, task-orientation, achieving success, resistance against harmful fears, and preventing spiritual crises and depression. In addition, factors of reaching HOPEFULNESS, including faith in God and intercession of saints, waiting for the Savior, conformity between wishes and reality, and loving and serving mankind, have been addressed.