Background: Hexaflumuron is a benzoyl urea pesticide widely used in agriculture. This is the first case of severe toxicity of hexaflumuron. Case presentation: A 51-year-old man was admitted to the poisoning ward of the Emam-Reza Hospital for loss of consciousness and hypotension secondary to pesticide toxicity. He had metabolic acidosis, bradycardia, and diffuse erythematous skin color change in the abdomen and legs. The results of toxicology tests were negative except positive test result for tricyclic antidepressants in immunochromatographic assay of urine. He was treated with normal saline, norepinephrine infusion and bicarbonate. His intoxication finally resulted to cardiac arrest and death on the 4th day of hospitalization, secondary to septic shock. Conclusion: Acute poisoning with hexaflumuron can be life-threatening, thought its LD50 is greater than 5000 mg/kg. It may change the patient’ s skin color to cherry and cause hypotension, loss of consciousness and metabolic acidosis, however, conclusive evidence to support these assumptions are required.

2Background and Aim: Hexaflumuron, a benzoylphenylurea insecticide, has nephrotoxic effects in mammals. The use of plant antioxidants to improve and prevent poisoning with insecticides has gained popularity. This study aims to evaluate the effects of silymarin, an herbal antioxidant, in ameliorating the lesions caused by hexaflumuron in rat kidneys. Methods: In this experimental study, 40 rats were randomly divided into five groups (n=8): a control group, a group receiving silymarin (200 mg/kg), treatment group 1 (hexaflumuron at 22 mg/kg and silymarin at 100 mg/kg), treatment group 2 (hexaflumuron at 22 mg/kg and silymarin at 200 mg/kg), and a group receiving hexaflumuron (at 22 mg/kg). The gavage lasted for 28 days. After the gavage period, the blood sample was collected from the rats, and kidney tissue samples were obtained post-euthanasia. Histopathological examination was qualitatively conducted to assess lesion presence. Results: Silymarin significantly reduced the elevated concentrations of serum urea and creatinine induced by hexaflumuron (P<0.05). The use of silymarin largely mitigated vacuolar degeneration and hyperemia caused by hexaflumuron in the kidneys. Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be inferred that silymarin at a dose of 200 mg/kg, as an herbal antioxidant, effectively prevents the adverse changes induced by hexaflumuron in the kidneys.

The flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella, is one of the important pests of stored products that cause annually severe damages. In the current study, changes of detoxifying enzymes, some enzymes involved in intermediary metabolism and some non-enzymatic compounds were determined in the larvae of E. kuehniella treated with different concentrations of hexaflumuron. Larvae were treated by 100, 300 and 700 mg/ml of hexaflumuron and aceton (as control) at different time intervals of 24 and 48 hours. Larvae treated by 300 mg/ml of hexaflumuron demonstrated the highest activity of general esterases in both time intervals whena-naphtyl acetate was used as substrate. By using b-maphtyl acetate as substrate, the highest activity was observed in the larvae treated by 100 mg/ml of hexaflumuron. Similar results were observed in case of glutathioneS- tranferase thatimply presence of some isoforms of these enzymes. After 24h, activity of alanine aminotransferase was elevated along with increase of hexaflumuron concentration but adverse results were observed after 48 h. In case of aspartate aminitranferase, the highest activity was observed in the larvae treated with 700 mg/ml concentration. Increasing of hexaflumuron concentration causes higher activity of lactate dehydrogenase in both time intervals. After 24h, the highest activity of phenoloxidase was observed in the larvae treated with 300 mg/ml but no statistical differences was observed after 48 hours. There were no significant differences for protein and triglyceride concentrations after 24 hours but their highest amounts were observed in the larvae treated with 300 mg/ml. Increasing of hexaflumuron concentration decreased amount of glycogen in the treated larvae. These results revealed that haxaflumuron could intervene in intermediary metabolism of E. kuehniella in addition to disruption in growth and development.

Hexaflumuron is a pesticide used in farms to control insects and has been introduced as a new and effective insecticide to control rice stemborer. This study investigated lethal range concentration and median lethal concentrations of hexaflumuron in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) for the first time. For this purpose, the fishes in 6 treatments received concentrations of 0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 and 25 mg/l hexaflumuron to determine the lethal range concentration and fish mortality was recorded in each treatment at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. Then, to determine the median lethal concentration the fishes received 0, 6, 7, 8 and, 9 mg/l hexaflumuron in 5 treatments with 3 replications and the fish mortality was recorded at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. The data obtained from the median lethal concentration were analyzed by probit statistical analysis and the ​​(LC5-95), No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) and Lowest Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC) were calculated. In this study, the median lethal concentrations of hexaflumuron at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours were obtained 9.925, 8.395, 8.075, and 7.428 mg/l respectively. Also, NOEC and LOEC were calculated as 0.7428 and 28.42 mg/l. Behavioral and physical symptoms such as lethargy, hyperemia at the base of the fins, red eyes, very slow movements and swimming, vertical swimming, lying on the floor and finally death were observed in fishes. The results of this study showed that hexaflumuron has a moderate degree of toxicity for common carp and fish mortality increases following increasing concentration and exposure to hexaflumuron consumption.

Diamondback moth has a high potential for insecticide resistance. Usage of insecticides with different modes of action as a mixture is one of the strategies of insecticide resistance management. It can reduce the resistance development rate. In this study, hexaflumuron and flubendiamide were tested as alone and their mixture against the third instar larva of diamondback moth. Three concentrations of each insecticide were used in the mixture. The LC50’ s values of hexaflumuron and flubendiamide were calculated as 1. 48 and 10. 27 mg L-1 against the third larvae, respectively. Bioassay of both insecticide mixtures showed that the mixture at the low concentrations had a synergistic effect, whereas it was cumulative effect at the highest concentration mixture. Binary combination of flubendiamide at the lower concentration with hexaflumuron can increase larval mortality. It reduces latent effectiveness of hexaflumuron and causes to decrease crop loss after treatment. Therefore, the use of mixed insecticides in IPM of diamondback moth is possible only with expert advice in the limited concentrations of them.

Confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Duval (Col.: Tenebrionidae) is one of the most important stored product pests of flour in Iran. In this research the effects of insect growth regulators (IGRs): teflubenzuron, hexaflumuron and pyriproxyfen were studied on larval and imago nutritional indices of confused flour beetle. The results showed that they were more effective on relative growth rate (RGR) and relative consumption rate (RCR) in the low concentration of 65 and 250 ppm of pyriproxyfen and hexaflumuron, and concentration of 1000 ppm of teflubenzuron. The results showed that, RGR and RCR indices decreased and feeding detterent index (FDI) index increased the concentration of compounds. The lowest efficacy of conversion of ingested food (61.5% in imago and 49, 5% in larvae) and the highest feeding deterrent index (92% in imago and larvae) were recorded for confused flour beetle larvae and imago treated with teflubenzuron (1000 ppm). So, the IGRs could be used as safe insecticides to control the confused flour beetle.

The full text of this article is the Persian language, please for the view full text, refer to Persian Please click here to view the full text of this article

Introduction: The common pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) is the key pest of pistachio trees in Iran. Controlling this pest is conducted by using chemical pesticides; this results in the destruction of the natural enemies of this pest and its outbreak. Adalia bipunctata Linnaeus (Col.: Coccinellidae) is one of the predators of pistachio psylla. Given the usage of three common pesticides i. e. thiamethoxam, hexaflumuron, and acetamiprid in pistachio gardens, the present study aims to investigate the sublethal effects of these three pesticides on the biological indictors of A. bipunctata (two-spot ladybirds) in controlled conditions. Materials and Methods: In the present study, the effects of thiamethoxam, hexaflumuron, and acetamiprid pesticides have been investigated on some of the biological indicators and life table of this ladybird in controlled laboratory conditions (temperature of 27. 5± 1 degrees centigrade, relative humidity of 65± 5 percent, and a photoperiod of 16 hours of light and 8 hours of darkness). This experiment has been conducted by immersing the ladybird’ s eggs in a toxic solution with sub-lethal concentrations. In order to investigate the sublethal effects of the insecticides, the growth period of immature and adult stages and the daily spawning rate of adult insects were investigated. Results: The length of the pre-adult period in thiamethoxam, hexaflumuron, acetamiprid and control treatments were 16. 69, 16. 07, 16. 34 and 15. 58 (days) respectively. The insecticide treatments were significantly different from the control. The net fertility rate was higher in control and hexaflumuron treatments; they were significantly different from those of thiamethoxam and acetamiprid. The net reproduction rate (R0) in thiamethoxam, hexaflumuron, acetamiprid and control treatments were respectively 41. 87, 110. 94, 62. 2 and 153. 7 (female/female/generation); a significant difference was observed between insecticides and control treatments. The highest intrinsic rate of population increase (rm) was 0. 151 (per day) in the control treatment; this was significantly different from that of the other treatments. The mean generation times (T) in thiamethoxam, hexaflumuron, acetamiprid and control treatments were respectively 42. 98, 44. 67, 38. 12 and 33. 01 (days); the treatments were significantly different. Conclusion: The usage of these three pesticides in pistachio gardens reduces population growth indices and reproductive parameters of A. bipunctata ladybird. However, the side effects of hexaflumuron pesticide are less than the other two pesticides. This information can be used in the integrated control management of this pest.

Confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Duval (Col., Tenebrionidae) is one of the most important stored product pests in Iran. Regarding the environmental risks of pesticides, scientists are exploring substitute compounds with less hazard to man and environment, such as RGRs. The purpose of this project is to evaluate the efficacy of three IGR insecticides, Teflubenzuron, Hexaflumuron and Pyriproxyfen on T. confusum larvae in laboratory condition. Different concentrations of the above insecticides have been used on 3-4 (young) and 17 day-old (old) larvae. Bioassay tests showed that Teflubenzuron (LC50=116.47) and Hexaflumuron (LC50=307.04) had the most and the least efficacy on young larvae, respectively. The most and the least efficacy, on old larvae have been induced by Teflubenzuron (LC50=135.51) and Pyriproxyfen (LC50=1513.95), respectively. Results showed that, mortality was directly correlated with the IGRs concentrations, and so young larvae of T. confusum were the most susceptible to IGR insecticides. These results revealed that, Teflubenzuron, chitin biosynthesis inhibitor, were the most effective and can be used safely for controling pest.