This article studies different strategies applied in the Azarbaijani Turkish for resolving vowel hiatus. Because Azarbaijani Turkish is an agglutinative language and in this type of languages, it is common to add several affixes to stems, by adding suffixes to stems and other suffixes and also by making compound words, vowel hiatus may occur. The data related to vowel hiatus in this language (Meshkin Shahr dialect) were collected and treated using Optimality Theory. The results of data revealed that according to morphological, phonological and semantic condition, different phonological patterns are used to avoid V+V sequences. In making compound words, V1 is deleted, in adding monophonemic suffixes to stems or The preceding suffix, epenthesis occurs, in adding complex suffixes with [+high] vowels, V2 (suffix vowel) is deleted and in adding complex suffixes with [-high] vowels, epenthesis occurs. Results of this research show that in this language, the onset of stem is prominent and V is preserved in this position, in addition to preserve its semantic and grammatical role, it is impossible to delete monophonemic suffixes.

Hiatus is a situation in which there is no consonant between the nuclei of two adjacent syllables. It occurs when the left syllable lacks a coda and the right one lacks an onset. The present research aimed at analyzing how hiatus occurs in Old Persian and the strategies used to resolve it. The old Persian cuneiform is a syllabary consisting of 36 graphemes, of which 22 represent a sequence of a consonant and the vowel /a/. According to the findings of this research, if this vowel is followed by one of the three vowels /i/ (I), /u/ (u), and /A/ (A) in a word, then there occurs hiatus in the underlying representation. In this research which is conducted within the framework of Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky, 1993/2004) it is discussed that hiatus in Old Persian is resolved using intervocalic consonant insertion, the deletion of vowel /a/ as well as a combination of them both. In so doing, the constraints and their rankings that cause all these hiatus resolving strategies in Old Persian are introduced. It is worth mentioning that based on an Old Persian pronunciation rule, in case the vowel letter A is the first letter of a word, it represents the vowel /a/ in some words and the vowel /A/ in some other words. However, if it is not the first letter of a word, then it only represents the vowel /A/. As converting this rule to an OT constraint required accesses to the graphematical information of Old Persian cuneiform and that it could not be explained using an analysis that was solely phonological, an orthographic constraint with access to the graphematical information was formalized. The results of the present paper explain some important and new facts regarding Old Persian syllabary, hiatus and its resolution strategies in this ancient language.

Many studies in phonology and phonetics have considered a CV(C(C)) pattern for Persian syllable structure. Considering such pattern means that first, no syllable begins with a vowel in Persian and second, no two vowels can be said to be in hiatus (occur in adjacent syllables). But it seems that the situation is different in spoken mode. This article aims to study the possibility of occurrence of two vowels in adjacent syllables together, in continuous spoken Persian language. It also explores the effect of morphological elements (namely the clitics) on the degree and manner of occurrence and non-occurrence of hiatus in 1500 spoken data from Persian. To do so, we recorded the speech of 5 men and 5 women, all of whom are native Persian speakers. Their age ranges between 20 to 33, with the mean of 28. 2 and a standard deviation of ± 4. 28. A set of data consisting of Vowel Context (No. 1)* Morphological Context* Vowel Context (No. 2) were presented to the speakers in form of 150 sentences. In Vowel Context (No. 1), we have words which end in an open syllable; since no word ends in /a/ in Persian, we only considered five vowels to end the words with (i. e. /i/, /e/, /u/, /o/ & /ɑ /). Vocalic Enclitics include /i/ as the indefinite marker in Persian, /o/ as a conjunction, /o/ which is the short form of “ ra” that is an object marker in Persian and /e/ as a genitive marker. Apart from these enclitics, we also added /e/ as the definite marker which is an affix, to be able to compare two homophonous sounds with different morphological roles; thus, we have 5 environments here (4 clitics and 1 affix). Vowel Context (No. 2) consists of words which start with a vowel; all six Persian vowels can be used at the onset of a syllable. Thus, the 150 sentences were made combining 5 vowels (Vowel context No. 1) * 5 Morphological Contexts (4 enclitics + 1 affix)* and 6 vowels (Vowel Context No. 2). The speakers were asked to read each sentence loud and in their natural voice. The data were recorded in a soundproof room, at Alzahra Phonetics Laboratory. After doing the segmentation of the recorded voices, we analyzed them acoustically using PRAAT 6. 0. 19. The statistical analysis of the results was done by SPSS version 21. To test our hypothesis that the type of enclitic has an effect on the occurrence the hiatus, we examined two homophonous enclitics: /o/ as the conjunction marker and /o/ as the short form of ra which is an object marker in Persian. A chi-square test was performed to examine the relation between the type of enclitics and occurrence of hiatus. The relationship between these variables was significant, X2 (1, N = 600) = 4. 275, p <. 05. Based on the result of the study, hiatus will occur more if the enclitic is /o/ as the short form of “ ra” ϕ =. 84, p <. 05. We also studied two other homophonous elements with two different morphological categories: one is /e/ as the genitive case marker which is an enclitic; the other, is /e/ as the definitive marker which is an affix. Comparing these two morphologically different elements give us the opportunity to see how effective the morphological categories of elements are in the occurrence of hiatus. A chi-square test was done to investigate the relation between the type of morphological elements and occurrence of hiatus. The relationship between these variables was not significant in Vowel Context No. 1, X2 (1, N = 600) = 1. 113, p <. 05. However, the difference between these two morphological categories was significant in Vowel Context No. 2, X2 (1, N = 600) = 4. 127, p <. 05. Based on the result of the study, hiatus will occur more if the morphological element is the genitive case marker /e/, ϕ =. 83, p <. 05. Based on the results of the acoustic analysis of vocalic enclitics, we believe that VC pattern can also be postulated for Persian syllable structure. Moreover, in 55. 73% of the occurrence of two vowels in adjacent syllables, no linking consonant was inserted. In the remaining 44. 27% of the data, the type of consonants inserted inter-vocalically was dependent on the phonetic and morphological conditions of the final vowel of the host word and the vocalic enclitic. Besides, the difference between the degrees of linking – consonant – insertion emphasizes the effect of morphological and phonological conditions of vocalic enclitics on the type and degree of occurrence of hiatus.

In this article, the authors have studied the phenomenon of hiatus of vowels and some approaches to resolve it in central Kurdish through descriptive-analytical method and have analyzed collected data in the framework of optimality theory. Analyzing the data which consists of about 80 simple, morphological, and compound words, shows that the most commonly used method used by central Kurdish speakers for this purpose is the glide formation process. In addition to glide formation, the vowel deletion process is only used in cases where two short vowels are located in the vicinity, due to the unauthorized glide formation-out of the open vowels. The analysis of the collected data for this study, based on the principles governing optimal phonological theory, shows that in central Kurdish, because there is no syllable without an onset the hiatus is not permitted and speakers of central Kurdish use glide formation and deletion processes to resolve hiatus of vowels. Finally, the constraints governing glide formation are determined as * OCP "IDENT-F (ROUND)" IDENT and the restrictions governing deletion are set to * OCP, GF (+ LOW), M. MAX "IDENT and Ranked.

Background: Caudal epidural block (CEB) has been widely used to treat lumbar spine disorders, to manage chronic low back pain, and to provide analgesia and anesthesia in operations such as labor pain and orthopedic and genital surgeries. The CEB technique depends on the precise location of the sacral hiatus (SH) through which access to the sacral epidural space is obtained. For optimal access to the sacral epidural space, accurate knowledge of the SH descriptive profile is required. Methods: The study was performed on 23 sacrum bones. All bones were of Iranian (Persian) origin. Bones that were worn, corroded, broken, or had any anatomical problems were excluded. The parameters were measured: Sacral hiatus Length, distance between base of hiatuse-S2, liner distances between apex of sacral hiatus till right and left ends of lateral sacral crest were measured. Distance between Apex of sacral hiatus till S2, Antherio-posterior diameter of SH and location of sacral hiatus and types of SH. Results: This study showed that the highest type of sacral hiatus in Iranians with a frequency of 38% is inverted V shape and the lowest type of deficiency shape is with a frequency of 4. 8%. The position of sacral hiatus in the Iranian sacrum showed that the highest position was with a frequency of 45% in front of the sacral vertebra 4 and the lowest case in front of the third sacral with a frequency of 15%. The height of sacral hiatus was the highest case with a height of 21-30 mm (50% or cases 9). Anterior-posterior diameter of sacral hiatus was 4-6 mm in The most common case 75% or cases 15. It was shown that the mean distances between S2 till apex of the sacral hiatus 56. 65 mm and the mean distance between S2 till base of the sacral hiatus is 36. 85 mm. Conclusion: Successful application CEB enables comfortable anesthesia for patients and helps them to resume an active life soon. Accurate understanding of the SH location is important to reduce the risk of intraoperative as well as damage to vital structures. The present study aimed to determine positional changes and measure SH distances. Also, the aim of this study was to determine SH landmark points, perform accurate and standard morphometric measurements and calculate safe SH areas in CEB application.

The phenomenon of morph movement is extremely rare and, in Kalhori Kurdish, it applies to the third-person singular pronominal clitic, motivated by the need to avoid vowel hiatus. Fattahi and Kord Zafranlou Kambouzia (2013) investigated one example of this method for resolving vowel hiatus in Kalhori Kurdish. Introducing another contextual example different from the one in the aforementioned study, the study presented new findings on morph movement and compared with the results of previous research in this field. Furthermore, analyses related to morph movement were conducted within the framework of Parallel Optimality Theory, with the aim of discovering the relevant constraints and ranking them to determine why, despite more common methods like deletion, insertion, and glide formation, this instance of vowel hiatus in Kalhori Kurdish is resolved solely through morph movement. The research was conducted phonologically based on data collected through 20 hours of interviews with 15 Kalhori Kurdish speakers. The results showed that morph movement, in addition to occurring in the context of verb suffixes, takes place in proximity to emphatic clitics, and this movement happens not only in the case of a three-vowel hiatus but also with a two-vowel hiatus. The optimality analyses also revealed the existence of active constraints in this dialect that do not permit vowel hiatus resolution through more common methods, thus necessitating the use of morph movement.

Objective: Recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) by itself is one of the common reasons in child-aged patients to refer to a clinician. Some of these patients are presented with more serious features, so-called the “red flag”.The most important issue in management of RAP is to distinguish the type of it, whether it is functional or organic. In this study we aimed to assess the redundancy of red-flagged RAP with findings of esophago-gastrodeudonoscopy.Methods: In a 2 year prospective study 150 consecutive children with RAP who showed red flags underwent esophago-gastro-deudonoscopy. The prevalence of each finding was recorded. Overall positive predictive value of predicting an endoscopic finding while having a red-flag was calculated.Findings: Among all the patients, 126 cases showed at least a positive finding in their endoscopy that corresponded to the positive predictive value of 84% for predicting the presence of an endoscopic finding according to red flags. Interestingly, 20% of patients showed hiatus hernia when surveyed.Conclusion: Comprehensive physical examination is needed to avoid performing esophago-gastrodeudonoscopy without indication in patients with recurrent abdominal pain.

The present study deals with hiatus resolution through vowel reduction in Kurdish and Persian based on OT phonology. A collection of movies, TV series, and written texts formed the corpus of the study. In data description and analysis, the linguistic intuition of native Persian and Central Kurdish speakers were used. Based on the analysis, the authors concluded that Persian and Kurdish use glide formation through vowel reduction to resolve hiatus in certain phonetic environments. In Persian, to resolve hiatus, the two high vowels /i/ and /u/ are converted into a short vowel and the glides /j/ and /w/, respectively. In Central Kurdish, glide formation occurs in high vowels /i: , u: / and mid-high vowels /ē, : , ō, : /. Glide formation in Persian is accompanied with a quantitative change in vowel /i: / and a quantitative and qualitative change in /u: /. In contrast, glide formation in Central Kurdish is accompanied with only quantitative change in long vowels. The OT analysis revealed that the main factor driving hiatus resolution in both Persian and Kurdish is the need for an onset in syllable structure. In contexts in which glide formation occurs through vowel reduction, the active constraints in Persian and Kurdish are: ONSET, AGREE(place), MAX, DEP, IDENT(μ, ).

Cet article propose une analyse approfondie de la liminalité, l’un des concepts centraux du discours postcolonial contemporain, dans la célèbre pièce de Kateb Yacine, Le cadavre encerclé. S'appuyant sur une méthodologie qualitative rigoureuse, cette étude démontre comment Yacine mobilise l'état liminal, théorisé par des figures de proue du postcolonialisme telles que Homi Bhabha et Achille Mbembe, pour mettre en scène l'agonie de ses personnages après le massacre des colons. Les résultats révèlent le double potentiel de résistance que recèle cette condition liminale pour les sujets colonisés: d'une part, la proximité de la mort leur permet d’échapper à la vie conditionnée par et sous le joug des colons, d'autre part, leur disparition imminente désarme les colons, car sans sujets colonisables, la colonisation perd tout sens. Yacine conçoit ainsi cet espace interstitiel entre vie et mort comme un lieu presque mythique où se déploie une forme inédite de combat anticolonial. Cette étude enrichit le discours postcolonial en ouvrant de nouvelles pistes de réflexion sur l'expérience anticoloniale et les stratégies de résistance des écrivains engagés.

It is important to analyze the lexicological-phonological processes of the present stem in order to evaluate the generative capacity of each phonological process. The present article aims to identify and describe the lexicological-phonological processes in simple verbs with the initial vowel of standard Farsi after adding the continuous prefix / mi/. The research method is descriptive-analytical. In this research, in the method of data collection, there are 50 verbs out of 323 verbal roots based on Tabataba'i (1997), Dehkhoda Dictionary (2011), and Sokhan Dictionary (2003) which begin with vowels. The data have been transcribed according to the International Phonetic Alphabet "I. P. A" and then analyzed in the framework of generative phonological theory. Results show that in written or formal Farsi, "Hamza" or the glottal stop [ʔ ] is added to verbs that begin with vowel and for this reason, they begin with "A"; but after adding the continuous prefix / mi-/, "Hamza" is not inserted in the spoken or informal Farsi and instead, the front vowel shortening process, raising /i/ and gliding as short vowel sequence and gliding [-ej-] and then raising the front central vowel [e] before gliding [j] as vowel sequence and glide [-ij-] are observed. In such structures, in the informal speech, there is no "Hamza" or the glottal stop [ʔ ] in the verb structure.