Introduction: Today, agroclimatology is one of the major trends in hydrology and meteorology, which has a crucial role in meeting the food requirements of different communities. The production of agricultural products is strongly correlated with precipitation and agreeable weather conditions each year. Many crops are traditionally grown in areas with harsh climatic conditions, which results in low yields and the lack of optimal exploitation of climatic capacities for production. One basic way to develop and promote agricultural activities in the country is to cultivate lands according to the ecological conditions. A perquisite of such development is to recognize the wide range of associated factors, including climatic and land factors. Rice cultivation, as an ecological and economic phenomenon as well as a behavioral pattern originating from human-environment interaction, is at the mercy of environmental conditions, especially climate, water and soil resources, and natural factors play a pivotal role in providing favorable conditions for rice cultivation. Identifying suitable areas for growing crops and favorable climatic and topographic conditions can improve crop production. Lenjan County, located in a semi-arid region, has severe daily, seasonal and annual temperature fluctuations, which have caused detriments to various activities, especially the agriculture in this county. The Zayandehrud River running through the area has laid the ground for the development of agriculture and animal husbandry. Given the huge agricultural and horticultural potentials of this county, further analysis and planning are required. In this research, attempts have been made to investigate the agroclimatology of Lenjan County for rice cultivation. Methodology: Lenjan County is located 35 km southwest of Isfahan in the Zayandehrud valley. The meteorological stations studied here include Isfahan, Lenjan, Daran, Natanz and Najafabad. The data were obtained from the Meteorological Organization and the General Directorate of Agricultural Jihad in Isfahan and Charmahal Bakhtiari provinces. In this study, the daily and monthly meteorological data related to the parameters of temperature, precipitation and relative humidity were derived from these stations over a 15-year period (1996-2012). Then, the correlation between the climatic elements and the rice yield in selected stations was calculated. Finally, after the preparation of climatic maps, the altitude and slope levels were drawn using the Kriging method. Also, in the GIS, the final zoning map of the areas suitable/unsuitable for rice cultivation was drawn according to the corresponding elements. Results and discussion: The parameters and indices of rice agroclimatology in the west of Isfahan Province which are of paramount importance in the growth season and different stages of rice growth were studied and analyzed. The growth degree day of the rice for the whole growth period is a 1500-degree day. Hence, in light of the values obtained from the active temperatures, it was observed that all the stations were effective in terms of growth day degree and had favorable conditions concerning the active growth day degree. The minimum critical temperature of rice was-1° C, and, in none of the stations, the mean temperature during the growth period was lower than 0° C. The maximum number of days this temperature was below 10° C during the statistical period was reported at Najafabad station, but this temperature was never recorded at Isfahan station. All the stations experience weak frosts until the end of April, which, in high-elevation, lasts until the last ten days of May. Mild frost is also reported only at stations with elevations above 2000 meters in April. Severe frosts are recorded only at very high stations (altitude above 2250 m) in the first half of April. The minimum water consumption of rice from cultivation to maturity is not sufficient in any of the stations studied. Hence, all the stations must be irrigated throughout the growth season (from planting to maturity). The germination date is May 10 at Daran and Lenjan stations, June 5-10 at Isfahan station, and June 20 at Najafabad and Natanz stations. The tilling date is also from July 5 to 15 at Lenjan and Daran stations, from July 24 to 15 at Isfahan, and from August 10-20 at Najafabad and Natanz stations. This period lasts for 20 days at Lenjan station. The growth period of rice at Lenjan station is 22 days. The flowering date is from August 20 to September 10 at Lenjan and Daran stations, from September 1 to 15 at Isfahan station, and from September 25 to October 5 at Najafabad stations. At Lenjan station, the flowering period lasted for 30 days. The ripening of rice grains is from October 5 to 20 at Lenjan and Daran stations, from September 28 to October 15 at Isfahan, and from October 21 to November 7 at Najafabad and Natanz stations. The length of the ripening period at Lenjan station is 15 days. Finally, after designing climate maps, altitudes and slopes were drawn by GIS and the final map of the areas suitable for rice cultivation was designed according to the corresponding elements. The best areas were mostly located in the central and eastern parts, which overlapped with the plains. Moreover, an area of 294 square kilometers covered the stretches that were not suitable for rice growth, particularly the highlands of the west and north of the map, where the rainfall is lower than in other areas. These expanses are primarily located in the highlands and the vicinity of the highlands consisting of rocky and sloping lands. Infertile expanses, covering an area of 45 square kilometers, include mountains and areas devoid of agricultural soil. Conclusion: The results of this study show that, in the west of Isfahan Province, there is a fertile area of 492 square kilometers, which lies in the central areas and alluvial plains. Lenjan County is located in this area, where the late frost in spring and the early autumn cause the minimum damage. The initial growth of roots and stems and the rise of clusters are fairly quick, but adequate water is not supplied by rainfall. The fertile zones cover the major bulk of the map, which is an area of about 738 square kilometers.

The Khan Lenjan castle (today known as Qaleh-Bozi) is one of the mountainous fortifications of Isfahan province located on top of the three fields of Qaleh-Bozi Mountain about10 km north east of Mobarakeh. The castle probably was built in Sassanid period and regarding to its strategic position, it was reconstructed during the Islamic periods. Owing to insufficient information on the architectural monuments of the castle (which has been built on three different levels), the present survey aimed to provide a comprehensive and accurate map of the architectural spaces given the topographic conditions of Qaleh-Bozi Mountain. Also in order to identify the reason (s) for the castle establishment, a comprehensive study based on relative written sources and documents was carried out. According to data obtained from the survey and mapping, the area of the castle is about one hectare and the fortifications include a high castle at the mountain’s highest point, and a central fortress and a smaller castle at lower parts. In building Khan Lenjan castle, like other mountainous castles, it has been tried to make the best of the natural topography of Qale-bozi Mountain; the architectural plan of the castle lacks an orderly geometric pattern. Based on data extracted from the textual documents, it seems that the Khan Lenjan castle has had different functions in different periods. In fact, in addition to its safekeeping function, Khan Lenjan castle, in the course of different times, has had residential, governmental, military or defensive roles as well.

Drought phenomenon is one of the environmental hazards, having long been particularly considered as one of the 20th century scientific facts. This climate phenomenon is different than other phenomenon and hazards, due to its being crawling, continuous, inevitable, and having gradual effects. Our especial geographical location of Iran on the dry belt of Earth, especially our studied region, provides conditions for the occurrence of this phenomenon, more and more. This research has worked on checking and detecting hydrological drought in the Lenjan Township, using surface water supply index (SWSI), then, effects of this phenomenon on agriculture sections have been evaluated. Data Analysis Method is statistical relationship analysis. Results showed that in the study period (2001-2012), drought conditions with 42% occurrence probability in total, have the most occurrence probability. Estimation results of SWSI index for revealing area drought, show that, there have been only two normal years, and other years being in hydrological drought situations. The outcomes of the Mann-Kendall test in routing agricultural products changes, show that production level and acreage level of garden products have enjoyed a rising trend, while their operation rates have enjoyed decreasing trends. A decreasing trend is also yielded in production, acreage level, and operational performance of crop production in the area. Among all agricultural products, only rice has an increasing trend in production and acreage levels.

Background: Despite the high intake carbohydrates in Iranians diet and also higher prevalence of hypertriglyceridemic waist (HW) phenotype in Iranian women, there have not been any studies that examined the relationship between carbohydrate intake and risk of hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype in this area. The aim of the present study was to determine the association between dietary carbohydrate intake and the prevalence of hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 442 Iranian female teachers in the age range of 20–60 years old. Anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, biochemical parameters and physical activity were measured for all participants. Validated dish based semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (DFQ) was used to determine usual dietary intakes. Quintiles of carbohydrates intake were determined. HW phenotype was defined as serum triglyceride concentrations ≥150mg/dl and concurrent waist circumference≥88 cm.Results: The prevalence of hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype was 19% in this group of female teachers.There was no significant change in different triglyceridemic waist phenotypes across quintiles of carbohydrates intake. There was a significantly increasing trend for HW phenotype across quintiles of carbohydrates intake (P-trend=0.01).Conclusion: Carbohydrate intake had significant association with hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype among a group of Iranian adult women. More longitudinal studies are needed.

In present study prepared blood smears of 587 sheep were studied. Age, sex and climate effect on Babesia parasite in Lenjan region of Isfahan within a 6-month period were analyzed. The result of this study showed that among the 587 sheep, 50 (8.51 %) had parasites. Among 282 rams, 23 (8.2 %) had parasite and 27 of 305 ewes, (8.9 %), were contaminated. 46 affected sheep (6.9 %) were under two years, 34 sheep (9.6 %) above two years. The highest prevalence was seen in Jul-Aug and the lowest in March- April. No significant differences were between sex, age and climate groups (p< 0.05).

Governance as a new idea is replacing the concept of government. The concept of governance is based on cooperation between governments and civil societies. The fundamental principle of the concept is that instead of full responsibility for the country’ s administration by the government, the citizens, private sectors, and public institutions are also responsible for running the country. In recent decades, the approach has been developed in rural areas and modern management with a focus on rural district administration and Islamic Councils is one its manifestations. The present study, using descriptive-analytical method, investigates the realization of good governance indicators in rural areas of Lenjan County. The study is a practical type and the required data was collected by documentary-field methods. The statistical society includes all the villagers in which the sample was obtained by cluster random sampling method. Accordingly, views and international experiences were studied and explored, among them eight important indicators of good governance in sample villages were tested through completion of 250 questionnaires by the heads of households. The results of applying t-test showed that good governance indicators with total mean of 3. 24 have been realized less than the desired level. Specifically, the indicators of justice and equality were higher than the desired mean of the researcher (3. 5), but the rest were lower than the desired level. The result of kruskal-Wallis test to compare villages’ rankings also showed that there were significant differences between villages regarding realization of good governance. The results of applying one-way analysis variance (ANOVA) also showed that regarding good governance indicators villages were significantly different.

Ground water is considered as a valuable resource for drinking, agricultural, and industrial uses. As human activities are known to affect water quality, studies of this source are necessary to maintain quality standards. Despite heavy agricultural and industrial activity in the Lenjanat region (Isfahan), there has been no evaluation of ground water quality in this area. In this research project, chemical parameters such as anions, cations and heavy metals were determined in 16 wells over four seasons. The yearly averages of the parameters calculated and displayed by the graphs. The results showed that "Lenjanat" ground water qualifies as very hard water. Most chemical parameters such as BOD, Cod, TDS, EC, SO4 of wells number 1, 2, 3 and 14 exceed drinking water standards. The wastewater lagoons of the Isfahan Steel Mill may be polluting well No. 3 and the other three wells. Wells No.4 and 5, located in the lower areas of Munitions Factories, showed a very high COD. Due to the west-to-east direction of surface slopes (from munitions factories towards the above-mentioned, wells) the water could be polluted by waste material from the industry. It seems that severe pollution of ground water exists around these factories and extensive studies are required to determine the type of organic and inorganic waste and the exact source of pollution in order to control groundwater quality.      

Nowadays, tourism as one of the most dynamic economic activities, plays an important role in the sustainable local development. Today the tourism organization pays more attention to tourism and protecting the environment in all around the world. Accordingly, it is very important to know the natural potential of each region in order to attract ecotourism and to develop each region. Lenjan, can have an important role in attracting ecotourism because of some natural interesting such as Shahlora water fall, Zayande rud coastal village, Rokh pass, Hossien Abad Lake, and pleasant climate. The purpose of this research is to identify the interesting ecotourism of the Lenjan and to plan and present suitable solution for developing ecotourism in this town. In this study a questionnaire has been used to obtain the necessary data. Thus the study has employed a descriptive and analytical method as well as library research on the ecotourism potential of Lenjan through asking some volunteers in its ecotourism area. The SPSS software including Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis, and Peterson correlation test were used to analyze the obtained data. The research finding showed that, the ecotourism potential was more interesting than the other tourism attractions. Also the lack of knowledge about natural potential of the region has been effective on the ecotourism failure to develop. As a result, planning the ecotourism potential can affect its development.

Introduction: Agricultural activities in each kind, each branch and each region, has substantive in development and economy of that region. In this regard, horticulture and exploiting from it, in one hard has substantive role on job-making and climate and in other hard ,has a role in removing the needs of food for people. Horticulture activity in developed agriculture field regard to its entotic and positive aspects, has some priority on farming in the case of having correct managing, and having good balance in ecology and because of its low damaging factors. In horticulture field Iran country because of having the most suitable climate conditions, is among the most procures of garden products and these conditions put our country among the most gardening countries around the world and the most important part draughness, extensive compete among the import and internal gardeners products, existing the pollutant industrial center around this region, lack of comprehensive program and lack of policy in keeping and developing the garden and decreasing the garden grounds because of extensive villa making, are the most important external treating factors. Of village inhabitants incomes of our country producer populations can be provided via gardening activities. In this field baghbahadoran section, because of having high environment potentials for gardening, is one of the most important gardening regions in Isfahan province. This region has located in a suitable please as the view point of geography position and is exploited from zayandrood water and good soil but because of different reasons like: lack of scientific-research work, lack of good management and planning, changing the village structure of region and draugthness, the gardening section has failed with some recession. Therefore functional planning in gardening field appropriate with the conditions of each region, along with removing the different problems for village’s societies can provide some conditions to develop these regions and then develop the country. Because of statistical lacking and the lack of exact numbers of gardeners’ in this studied region, the statically society of this research, has mentioned more than 45957 persons for this region population according to year 2006, which then among, 146 region gardener have questioned and studied as the chosen statistical samples regard to kokaran method with the separation of cities and villages of this region.Methodology: To access the research purposes, at first by the method of descriptive- analytical, dumentary and by using from measurement method and field and studies between 146 gardeners’ of region as chosen statistical sample, and 30 exporter and related responsible persons related to gardening , have been questioned. In this stage, regard to acquired data, to analyze the data, presenting strategy and the function of develop and maintain of gardening activity, the swot analytical method was used. Then via idea making of gardeners’, the measuring of indices, via the method of» removing the scale« and their evaluation and analyses, the priorities were defined at last to decrease the weak points And threats and also to enrich the powerless point and existing chances related gardening activities in Baghbahadoran section, suitable strategies were presented.Discussion: To present the functions and policies of gardening development in Baghbahadoran section, after knowing the strong point, weaknesses, chases and threats presented in economic, social and cultural ecological and organizational facts, the functions matrix regard to defined purpose, was extracted swot matrix, will present st3 functions, wt functions, wo functions and so functions. Extracting the possible functions can be done via a matrix which is formed via exchanging external and internal factors. At last, evaluation of functions, have been done via attention to environmental- ecological, social, cultural, economical, organizational and prioritization necessities and via quantifying and analyzing the data.Conclusion: The prioritization of factors is among the power points factors in maintain, develop the gardens, and gardening activity from the view point of two cooperator groups, existing income for selves, making suitable and beautiful scenery in region, existing kind of economical and job making activity in the region, existing and making native and exprineced gardeners, existing and making native knowledge, existing and making economical income for people in this region and existing and making the young and active factor in region. Therefore using the best possibilities is emphasizing. Among the weak point, the low literacy amount of grandness, having little availability to store houses, and lake of suitable packaging, lack of changing workshops and industries in the region, leaving the farming and gardening jobs, existing the differences on the lost and….,are the most important difficulties and obstacles for gardeners. According to this fact, the necessity of planning and making essential policies decrease or omitting these problems to enrich and increase the gardens efficiency and gardening activity is essential and necessary. Among the external chances, development of novel irrigation methods and suitable irrigation and paying more attention to make village small industries and product processing, are the most hopeful factor to maintain and develop the gardens and they are effective factor on region gardening. Among the external threats, the fluctuation in price market, having weakness in pricing the products, draugthness and low amount of raining, having intense compete among import of raining, having intense compete among import and internal garden product, existing of industrial canters around this region, lack of comprehensive program and lack of policy making on maintain and develop of gardens, decreasing the gardens lands because of extensive villa making are the most important threatening factors, so the different and defensives functions and essential functions in this point, have been presented.