Purpose Monetary policy as one of the main means of controlling and regulating the economy, has a significant effect on economic variables such as exchange rates, inflation and economic growth. The effect of monetary policy on the trend of MACROECONOMIC variables can cause significant changes in the country's economic situation. Based on this, in the present study, the state dependent effects of monetary aggregates on MACROECONOMIC DYNAMICS during the period of 2001:02-2021:04 have been investigated. Methodology The result of the review of past studies indicates that in each of the studies, the effect of one of the monetary variables (money volume, liquidity, monetary base, bank interest rate) on inflation and economic growth has been investigated. One of the differences between the present study and the previous studies is that the variables of money volume, liquidity and monetary base are considered as monetary aggregates and the effect of each of these variables on inflation and economic growth in different regimes is investigated. It has been placed to determine which monetary variable has the greatest effect on MACROECONOMIC variables in different economic regimes, and also to determine the symmetrical or asymmetrical effect of monetary variables on MACROECONOMIC variables. Also, due to changes in economic policies and political crises, there may be a structural failure in the studied time series, which has not been considered in previous studies, so another feature of the present study is that by using Lee and Strazisich's unit root test (2003), structural breakpoints of monetary totals and MACROECONOMIC variables have been identified and after detrending the examined variables according to the method suggested by Lee and Strazisich (2003), the residuals of the studied variables have been extracted and specified in the model; Therefore, due to the occurrence of structural failure, time series models with fixed parameters are not sufficient to describe such changes (Piger, 2007) and the appropriate approach for modeling such behaviors is state-dependent models that have a non-linear structure; In the current study, the MACROECONOMIC variables undergo a change of status or regime change according to the effect of monetary aggregates, that is, in each regime, monetary variables have a different effect on MACROECONOMIC variables; Therefore, in order to include this change in the modeling process, models in the form of Markov regime change regression models have been used, and in order to prevent multiple collinearity between monetary variables, each monetary variable are specified separately in the conditional variance equation. The results of Markov switching GARCH model with fixed transition probability (MS-FTP-GARCH (1,1)) indicate money volume, liquidity and monetary base in both low and high inflation regimes have a positive and significant effect on inflation, Due to the different coefficients of monetary variables, the asymmetric effect of monetary variables on inflation is evident. The results of examining the reaction of economic growth to monetary aggregates in different states show that in the regimes of low and high economic growth, monetary variables have a negative and significant effect on economic growth and this effect is asymmetric. Also, the results of the estimation of six separate Markov switching GARCH model with fixed transition probability (MS-FTP-GARCH (1,1)) show that among the monetary aggregates, the monetary base variable has the greatest effect on inflation and economic growth. Finding According to the results of the present study, in the low and high inflation regime, the monetary base variable plays a significant role in the escalation of inflation because the increase in the monetary base causes the growth of liquidity in the country, and as a result, the speed of demand in the economy exceeds the speed of supply in the economy, and as a result, it leads to inflation in the country; Also, the results show that in both recession and boom regimes, the increase in the monetary base leads to an increase in the amount of money and liquidity. With the increase of banknotes and certificates in the hands of the people, which means the increase in the amount of money, inflation has increased and this factor leads to a decrease in purchasing power, which ultimately causes a decrease in the demand for final goods and services and causes a decrease in economic growth. Conclusion Also, as much as the volume of liquidity increases, it causes inflation and a decrease in the value of real assets and ultimately leads to a decrease in GDP and a decrease in economic growth. It leads to inflation, so one of the solutions to achieve inflation reduction is monetary discipline and prevention of liquidity intensification. One of the first steps to prevent the increase in liquidity is to balance the government's expenses and revenues; Also, considering that the increase in the monetary base and the subsequent increase in the volume of money and liquidity lead to a decrease in economic growth, governments encourage investors by measures such as reducing the risk of productive investments, reducing the time of implementing productive investment projects, and increasing the productivity of the production sector. to invest in productive economic sectors and liquidity is directed towards production and economic growth is formed. Therefore, the control of the components of monetary totals, considering the importance of each one in low and high inflation and economic growth situations, can be considered as a strategic point for economic policy makers.

This paper has investigated the effects of structural and exchange shocks on the MACROECONOMIC variables by using a DSGE model. In MACROECONOMIC DYNAMICS, three assumptions had made. First, economy faces nominal rigidities, second, because of fiscal dominance in Iran, defining monetary policy is not possible, and third, Iran economy is an small open economy that its macro variables have been affected by exchange shocks. In this way and by using quarterly data in the 1369-91 period, model parameters has estimated and the results show the effectiveness of real exchange rate, law of one price gap, and nominal exchange rate on inflation and economic growth. Moreover, based on simulation results, exchange rate fluctuations cause change in the equilibrium path of inflation and output.

The relation between MACROECONOMIC variables and stock market index has been vastly investigated in previous studies. To contribute to the literature, this study employs the VARX-DCC-GARCH econometric model. The advantages of using this new model are the consideration of variable change effectiveness in different moment levels (mean and variance of changes), inclusion of oil price as an exogenous variable that has short-run and long-run effects in this model, and the consideration of time series correlation between volatility of the variables. This model is estimated for the period of 1381 to 1391 by using Iran economic and the Tehran Stock Exchange monthly data. Results show that exchange rate, inflation and oil price have a positive effect on stock index in the long run, and the exchange rate has the strongest effect. Also in the short run horizon, oil price shocks have stronger effect on the stock index. Estimated time-varying correlations between variables volatility show that exchange rate volatility has a positive effect on stock market volatility. This correlation is reinforced during 1387 to 1391. In addition, inflation volatility has weak positive correlation with stock index volatility, while oil price volatility does not show any significant effect on stock index volatiliry.

In this paper, a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model is designed for Iran, in which in addition to the product market disruptions, labor market disturbances are also considered. In other words, unemployment is considered by applying the theory of unemployment proposed by Gali (2011). The contribution of this paper is that the labor market is assumed to be homogeneous, so that each of the labor forces is specialized in a type of work. In this model, Disruptions in labor market such as market power and wage rigidity has been considered. This paper assumes full risk sharing across individuals and households, so that the work status does not affect the level of consumption. At first, the parameters of the model estimated using Bayesian approach in the period 1384 to 1393. Then, the effects of technology, monetary and labor supply shocks on the DYNAMICS of MACROECONOMIC variables will be discussed. Results of impulse response functions indicate that a negative labor supply shock, a positive monetary shock and a negative technology shock will reduce unemployment. Policymakers can make better choices with the help of knowing these effects.

In many developed countries, the positive features of consumption tax have led to the increasing use of it. In a way, the revenue collected from the consumption tax has replaced the income tax. In this paper, the effects of implementing the policy of increasing the consumption tax rate and decreasing the income tax rate on some macro variables of the Iranian economy were investigated using the DSGE model. The results show the positive effects of this policy on GDP, investment, employment and government budget in the short and medium term. Although consumption is declining in the short term and decreasing compared to before the implementation of the policy, it is rapidly increasing to the previous level and in the medium term to a higher level. In the long run, all variables return to the pre-policy process. Therefore, the implementation of this policy is proposed in line with the principles of resistance economics and in order to improve the performance of the tax system.

There is no generally conventional definition of subsidy. For the purposes of this paper, a subsidy is a transfer of economic resources by the government to the buyer or seller of a good or service that has the effect of reducing the price paid, increasing the price received, or reducing the cost of production of the good or service. Energy Subsidy is paid by government so that all classes of society can gain a minimum level of welfare. So, the purpose of energy subsidy is to help deprived groups and acquire social justice. But if Energy subsidy is paid indirectly (providing energy at a price lower than marginal cost), subsidy works against the mentioned purpose. In this way, high-income groups have a much higher share of energy consumption. As a result, for having a goal-oriented energy subsidy, direct energy subsidy method (pay the sum of subsidy directly to low-income groups) is the main proposed in this study. Changes in energy prices have great impacts on economic, social and political sectors of the country. The effects of above method on the four variables have been studied here: inflation rate, economic pressure on low-income groups (which is showed as the ratio of inflation rate to income increase rate of low class), energy consumption per capita and energy smuggling. The structure of direct energy subsidy has been modeled with system DYNAMICS methodology first, four scenarios have been proposed and finally the affects in fluctuation of energy price on these variables have been analyzed in each of the scenarios.

The present research is aimed at predicting the beta coefficient (systematic risk) prediction DYNAMICS within the framework of two MACROECONOMIC structural models, the model in the framework of Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) and Panel Vector Autoregressive (PVAR) with the inclusion of financial data of companies and Some of the facts observed in the Iranian economy during the 15-year period (2002-2016). The results of the research show that economic shocks affect the beta coefficient of the stock. Also, in three approaches to predict stock beta coefficient, the VAR model has a lower error than the DSGE model. Finally, by comparing the moments of the present variables in the DSGE model and the real data of Iran's real moments, it shows the relative success of this model in the realities of Iran's economy.

The human resources utilization method is so important in the development of the economic and social indicators of any country, For the reason that human resources are the most important factor in achieving economic development, So that, it is impossible to achieve economic growth and development without expert and efficient human resources. Many factors are effective in the empowerment of human resources, among which education is one of the most important. Gender differences and gaps in education can be introduced as one of the basic obstacles to economic growth and development, and it may prevent women from participating in society. The majority of social experts believe that Iranian society has undergone many social, cultural, political, and educational changes in the last few decades, especially after the Islamic revolution. One of the most important developments, like many developing countries, has been the expansion of education at various levels. This event has been associated with the significant participation of women and girls in education. In order to investigate the impact of these changes in this research, has been investigated, the impact of the positive momentum of women's education and technology on MACROECONOMIC variables such as production, investment, and employment in Iran. The Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model has been used to achieve the research goals. In this model, the economy is divided into three sectors: households, firms, and the government. Households include people (women and men) who gain utility from consuming goods and services and keeping money and lose utility from working and have the goal of maximizing their utility according to the constraints of the household budget. Firms are producers of intermediate and final goods. A continuum of monopolistically competitive firms produces intermediate domestic goods using labor and capital. There is perfect competition in the production of final goods, with the output of intermediate firms as inputs and according to a production function with constant returns to scale. The imperfect competition in the goods market is introduced by assuming that each firm produces a differentiated good for which it sets the price. Some constraints are imposed on the price adjustment mechanism by assuming that only a fraction of firms can reset their prices in any given period. In particular, a model of staggered price setting due to Calvo (1983) and characterized by random price durations is adopted. Finally, the central bank and the government implement monetary and financial policies. The obtained results from impulse response functions show positive impulse of women’s education increases production and investment, as well as employment. According to the results of the research, it is recommended to pay more attention to appropriate investments in the field of women's education by using appropriate policies in order to obtain as many benefits as possible for scientific development and higher economic growth. In such a way that practical training in jobs related to women increases female labor force participation and creates new job opportunities.

In recent years, electronic banking and the use of electronic payment tools have expanded, and this has led to changes in monetary variables that can have many economic effects. In this regard, in this study, the effect of electronic banking on selected economic variables in Iran has been investigated using modeling and simulation of system DYNAMICS. The designed model includes two parts, monetary and real, which also includes electronic banking. After simulating and validating the model, in the form of designed scenarios, the effects of electronic banking on economic variables are investigated. The results of applying different scenarios showed that the increase of ATMs has reduced the volume of liquidity, price index, capital accumulation and production and the increase of sales terminals has increased the mentioned variables. Simultaneous increase in ATMs and sales terminals also increased liquidity and price index and had no effect on capital accumulation and production. The results also showed that in this case, increasing the volume of legal reserves as a control policy can neutralize some of the effects of these instruments on liquidity.

Using a sticky price dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model, this paper study how the presence of both Ricardian and non-Ricardian households in the economy might affect the effectiveness of the monetary policy on MACROECONOMIC DYNAMICS and the determinacy of equilibrium in Iran. If the household participation in the financial market is not sufficiently big, the slope of a dynamic IS curve becomes positive. In the case of an upward-sloping IS curve, the equilibrium is indeterminant. Based on the degree of financial development in Iran, we estimate the share of non-Ricardian households for two periods: 1990 to 1999 and 2000 to 2017. The results show that during the first period, the share of non-Ricardian household in Iranian economy was 54 percent and the slope of the IS curve was upward. Hence, the model did not have a stable equilibrium during 1990-1999. However, in the second period, with an increase in the level of financial development in Iran, the share of non-Ricardian household decreased to 38 percent. In this case, the dynamic IS curve sloped downward and the model had a stable unique equilibrium. The impulse response functions show that in the second period, a monetary shock has the expected effect on MACROECONOMIC variables including output, inflation, employment, real wage and the growth rate of money base. Our results underscore the role of households' participation in the financial market in the effectiveness of the monetary policy on MACROECONOMIC variables and the determinacy of equilibrium in a dynamic stochastic model.