We have compared the structural, electrical, and magnetic properties of Ru(Gd1.5-xPrx)Ce0.5Sr2Cu2O10-d (Pr/Gd samples) with x = 0.0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.033, 0.035, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.1 and RuGd1.5(Ce0.5-xPrx)Sr2Cu2O10-d (Pr/Ce samples) with x = 0.0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.08, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2 prepared by the standard solid-state reaction technique with RuGd1.5(GdxCe0.5-x) Sr2Cu2O10-d (Gd/Ce samples) with x= 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3. We obtained the XRD patterns for different samples with various x. The lattice parameters versus x for different substitutions have been obtained from the Rietveld analysis. To determine how the magnetic and superconducting properties of these layered cuprate systems can be affected by Pr substitution, the resistivity and magnetoresistivity, with Hext varying from 0.0 to 15 kOe, have been measured at various temperatures. Superconducting transition temperature Tc and magnetic transition Tirr have been obtained through resistivity and ac susceptibility measurements. The Tc suppression due to Gd/Ce, Pr/Gd and Pr/Ce substitutions show competition between pair breaking by magnetic impurity, hole doping due to different ionic valences, difference in ionic radii, and oxygen stoichiometry. Pr/Gd substitution suppresses superconductivity more rapidly than for Pr/Ce or Gd/Ce, showing that the effect of hole doping and pair breaking by magnetic impurity is stronger than the difference in ionic radii. In Pr/Gd substitution, the small difference between the ionic radii of Pr and Gd, and absorption of more oxygen due to higher valence of Pr with respect to Gd, decrease the mean Ru-Ru distance, and as a result, the magnetic exchange interaction becomes stronger with the increase of x. But, Pr/Ce and Gd/Ce substitutions have a reverse effect. The magnetic properties such as Hc, obtained through magnetization measurements versus applied magnetic field isoterm at 77K and room temperatures, become stronger with x in Pr/Gd and weaker with x in Pr/Ce and Gd/Ce substitutions.

Spin-polarized electronic and transport properties of Armchair Graphdiyne Nanoribbons (A-GDYNR) with single vacancy (SV), two types of configurations for double vacancy (DV1, DV2) and multi vacancy (MV) defects are studied by nonequilibrium Green’ s function (NEGF) combined with density functional theory (DFT). The results demonstrate that the A-GDYNR with the SV has the lowest formation energy and the most energetically favorable. The SV induces a 2. 08 μ B magnetic moment while the DV2 possess no MAGNETISM into A-GDYNR. Analyzing the band structures shows that the perturbation in A-GDYNR caused by the SV, DV1 and MV breaks the degeneracy and appears new bands around the Fermi level which indicate a strong spin splitting. Moreover, using density of states (DOS) analysis, it is illustrated that the appeared flat bands correspond to the localized states which mainly contribute by the carbon atoms near the vacancies. The calculated current-voltage characteristics for A-GDYNR with the SV, DV1, and MV reveal that the spin degeneracy is obviously broken. As well, a high spin-filtering efficiency around 90% is found at the bias voltage of 0. 3V for A-GDYNR with the SV. Our findings illustrate that we can obtain AGDYNRs with especial magnetic properties by removing carbon atoms from AGDYNR.

One of the most practical evaluation methods that examines learning outcomes is the APOS theory. According to this framework, learners understand concepts at the levels of action, process, and object and coordinate these formats with each other to build a concept schema. In this research, this theory has been used in order to evaluate the students' learning level of MAGNETISM in the eleventh grade physics lesson of the national curriculum in Razen city, Hamedan province. The method of this research is descriptive-survey. Also, the statistical population of this research is the twelfth grade male and female students of Razan, 110 of whom were selected as a sample. In this research, a researcher-made test was used to collect data, and Cronbach's alpha reliability model was used to measure the reliability of the evaluation, and the results were 0. 906. The results of the research show that according to APOS theory, 78% of the students are at the action level, 70% are at the process level, and 43% of them have reached the object level, and 23% of them have reached the level of understanding the conceptual schema. This statistic shows that students solve MAGNETISM problems correctly if they have a routine and an algorithm to solve them.

We present and compare the magnetic structures of limit compounds, between the ferroMAGNETISM and ant ferroMAGNETISM in the pseudobinary compounds of type RNi/Pt/Cu, where R = Tb, Gd, Nd or Ce, appearing when we substitute the transition metal. All of them are examples of complex magnetic structures as the result of different magnetic interactions, inhomogeneities and disorder. This overview provides us a fruitful field of discussion considering the competition of magnetic interactions in a context of disorder. We discuss the similarities and differences between the structures and we conclude about the importance of the disorder in the existence of several phenomena in MAGNETISM, which could lead to new insights in the stability of magnetic phases, as clusters glass or short range interactions in the mesoscopic scale.  

In biotechnology processes, increasing the production of biomass and secondary metabolites is one of the economic factors of such projects. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of magnetic field as an abiotic elicitor on increase of biomass and secondary metabolites of Ganoderma lucidum. Mycelium with a diameter of 1 cm of pured fungi was exposed to MAGNETISM at four levels including 0, 20, 40, and 60 mT for 0, 30, 60, and 90 min with three replications. The best treatment was selected based on growth rate and antioxidant activity. The amounts of secondary compounds in mycelium under selected magnetic field (60 mT for 90 min) including betulin, betulinic acid, ascorbic acid, astaxanthin, total polysaccharide, and antioxidants were measured and compared with control and natural fungi. The results showed that magnetization increased betulin (a potent anticancer triterpene) more than 2. 5 times compared to natural fungi and 3. 7 times compared to control mycelium. Polysaccharides concentration in the treated mycelium and control media was obtained 5. 05 and 5. 17 times more than natural fungi, respectively. Ganoderic acid content was measured in the treated mycelium (intracellular) and PDB medium (extracellular). The highest amount of ganoderic acid (1. 9 mg. ml-1) was obtained in the treated mycelium. Natural fungi and PBD medium had almost the same amount of this compound (1. 87 and 1. 86 mg. ml-1). The amount of betulinic acid (an anticancer compound derived from betulin), ascorbic acid, and astaxanthin was obtained high in natural fungus followed by 90 min magnetization at 60mT level treatment and control, respectively. Antioxidants percentage was about 85% in control and about 75% in natural fungi and treated mycelium. According to the results, there seems to be a good prospect to use in vitro cultures of Ganoderma instead of using natural fungi and also constructing costly farms.

We synthesized a series of cobalt-iron Prussian blue analogues in the form of nanocubes with which we tuned the amount of Cesium cation in the tetrahedral sites of the structure and varied nature of the alkali cation in the compound adopting a single microemulsion technique. Structure and morphology of the compound had been investigated by combining energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), thermo-gravimetry analysis (TGA), infrared spectroscopy (IR), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Transmission electron microscopy experiments (TEM). To directly determine the coercivity, remanence and Curie temperature, superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer (SQUID) was performed. Our investigation suggests that the amount and nature of the alkali cation are critical parameters for understanding the magnetic properties of the nanoparticles.

The present study aimed to increase the seed germination and the initial performance of pistachio seeds by investigating the effects of the magnetic field and osmopriming treatments simultaneously. 10 treatment levels of 10, 20 and 30 mT for 5, 15, 25 minutes and 1 control treatment (without exposure to a magnetic field) were performed in three replicates and the best level of magnetic surface was selected. The results showed that seeds subjected to the magnetic field showed an increase in plumule length, radicle length, total length of seedlings, fresh and dry weight of plumule as well as radicle and germination speed compared with the control treatment. However, there was no significant difference in the germination percentage and uniformity of seeds. Magnetized seeds, with the superior selective treatment (10 mT for 15 minutes), were primed with solutions of potassium nitrate, humic acid and salicylic acid at levels of 10, 25 and 40 mM and a control level (the best level of MAGNETISM) in three replicates. The best result was obtained from humic acid (25 mM). With regard to the low cost of the purchase or construction of magnetic devices and their positive effects, their application could be recommended (10 mT for 15 minutes) combined with the humic acid (25 mM)) so that the quality of pistachio seedlings production would be increased.

The aim of research is to analyze and compare the educational contents Iran and Russia textbooks, in the topic of electromagnetic physics. In that research, are used Bloom taxonomy of cognitive domains for the issues and questions. The statistical Society in this research are Iranian physics textbook, published in, 1395 and Russia physics textbook, published in 2014 in the topic of the electromagnetic. The research method is also a combination( qualitative and quantitative. )In addition, one of the authors of the article is fluent in Russian, which was essential for analyzing the text of a Russian book. All of the issues and questions of this topic from two books in six levels of Bloom’, s cognitive levels( knowledge, understanding, understanding, application, analysis, composition and evaluation )were qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated and analyzed. According to the data analysis, the frequency diagram shows that Bloom’, s cognitive levels for the questions of Russian physics textbook is more normal and more appropriate than the textbook of physics in Iran. This topic can effect on student’, s meaningful learning. For this purpose, the authors of scientific books( both academic and non-academic )are suggested to pay attention to Bloom’, s cognitive levels in compiling and setting the goals of the books.

The synthesis, spectroscopic and magnetic characterization of a series of new alkoxo bridged binuclear copper (II) compounds is described. All complexes have the general formula [Cu (µ-OR)(L)2]2(ClO4)2 • x H2O, in which µ-OR = CH3O , C2H5O or C3H7O , L = 2 amino 4 methylpyridine (abbreviated A4PIC) and 2 amino 5 methylpyridine ( abbreviated A5PIC). The title compounds all consist of dinuclear units with alkoxo bridging group. All complexes have been synthesized in one-step reaction, and characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR and electronic spectra and by magnetic properties. The compounds exhibit strong antiferromagnetic interaction at room temperature. The UV-Vis spectra shows three absorption bands, which can be attributed to d-d transition of copper (II) ion, ligand --> metal charge transiton and π --> π transition of the ligand. The IR spectra indicate Cu2O2 ring vibrations in 500-570 cm-1 range. The magnetic properties of the [Cu2(A5PIC)4)(O -CH3)2](ClO4)2 complex has been investigated in the 5-265 K range and a singlet triplet energy gap (-2J) of 126 cm-1 was observed.

The present research has aimed to study the effect of project-based learning on the academic performance of Farhangian University physics student teachers in electricity and MAGNETISM. A quasi-experimental research, along with pretest-posttest control group design, was used. The statistical population consisted of student teachers at Farhangian University in the academic year 2018-2019. The statistical sample of the research included students of four classes majoring in teaching physics at the Allameh Amini and Fatimah Zahra Campuses in Tabriz. One class from each campus was selected through convenience sampling and randomly put into test groups and control groups (a total of 132 individuals). The measurement tool was a researcher-made test used in order to assess the academic performance of physics student teachers. The academic performance of both groups was assessed prior to intervention. During the term, the test group were taught electricity and MAGNETISM by means of the project-based learning method for 16 sessions (one session per week), while the control group were taught in the traditional fashion. After the intervention, the academic performance of both groups was assessed. The data obtained were analyzed using one-way covariance analysis. The results indicated a significant difference between the test group and the control group in academic performance (P < 0.001). The results obtained from the research pointed out the effectiveness of project-based learning upon the academic performance of physics student teachers.