METONYMYis one of the very significantdiscassionsin Rhetorics which has been discussedunder the general name of Metaphor. If it has ever been discussedindependeatly,it has been mostlywith this purpose to pave the way for a better understanding of metaphor. Todays with the development of Rhetorics, METONYMYhas gained a worthy and significahtplace in literature. This essay is an a attempt to deal with the matter of METONYMY as an indpendent issue and for clarifying the discassion, besides the common evampleseniployedin the literary teuts some new exampleswill be discussed and analyzed.

METONYMY is one the most important literary devices in literature, and it has been widely studied with metaphor in literary studies and linguistics. Typically, METONYMY has been regarded as a figurative meaning of a word versus its lexical meaning. However, it could be found that METONYMY exists in every language for daily communication, and its usage is not limited to the literature. So, it plays an important role in any language which is mostly formed out of a reduction on syntagmatic paradigm. The widespread usage of METONYMY enriches a language, and it adds to its coherence. In this paper, with a brief review of literature on METONYMY studies, and the different issues for its definition, a new definition of genuine METONYMY is suggested with a new term of prototype METONYMY which has a kind of influence on the audience whether in literary usage or everyday language. Based on the hypothesis of this paper each reduction on the syntagmatic axis is not a METONYMY unless it influences the audience in some way, and if it motivates a kind of affective response. Indeed the prototype metonym will be suggested as genuine, and a cline will be claimed to conclude the discussion.

Rhetoric is the criterion or the standard of judgment for the evaluation of discourse and the beauty of language. Arabs in the pre-Islamic era were aware of and talked about literary criticism, but they have not left any written document of their criticism. After the rise of Islam and the revelation of the Quran, which is a divine miracle and unique as an example of eloquence and clarity, Iranians became the pioneers in rhetoric and many other branches of language. METONYMY is one of the most extensive arguments in rhetoric. METONYMY or the knowledge of the beauty of language is significant in Farsi, Arabic and many Western languages: To Europeans, METONYMY has a broad meaning including all figures of speech, and linguists have talked about it very extensively. METONYMY, in its Islamic and Iranian sense, is of two kinds: rational and literal. Literal METONYMY has its own subdivisions. Examples of METONYMY from the Persian poetry up to the fifth century are given to inform the reader that in spite of the greatness of the Quran and the influence of Arabic rhetoric on Farsi, Iranian poets had their own aesthetic invention, eleganance of speech, critical mind and sound taste suggested by old idioms such as 'Farsi is Sugar".

1. Introduction The conceptual blending/integration theory originates from research programs by Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner. This theory is the result of expanding the theoretical framework of mental spaces. The core point put forth by Fauconnier and Turner involves how the construction of meaning does not take place solely through combining former meanings or creating mappings among them; yet, meaning construction has an emergent structure shaped by the combination and integration of a set of elements that cannot specifically be observed within any inputs. Accordingly, the purpose of the present inquiry is to demonstrate how the blending theory is capable of introducing accuracy into conceptual METONYMY analysis, particularly the intellectual type, whilst explaining the contrast between conventional and cognitive interpreters’ understandings of METONYMY. This study seeks to provide answers to the following questions. . .

The ability of Persian language with its cultural contexts made many Persian words and expressions have different meanings and functions under different situations. Expressing the METONYMY of various phrases and expressions in Persian language is one of these functions. For this reason, METONYMY has been always considered by linguists, poets, and authors part of the language and culture of any society. METONYMY is the beautiful, artistic, and implicit expression of different topics used by poets and authors as a subtle technique in expressing their purposes. Due to the extensive use of METONYMY by Persian poets and authors, the collection, analysis and interpretation of METONYMY is a critical and competent task. Hassan Anwari and his colleagues complied and published a dictionary called “ Sokhan Dictionary of METONYMY” which is analyzed in this study.

Due to the extensive usage of METONYMY from the past to the present, several definitions of the term have been propounded. Old definitions were not very clear and precise, there being no lucid distinction between definitions and examples. On the other hand, METONYMY and examples there of only were looked for in and selected from among literary works. Inattention to the origins of METONYMY i. e. common language led to the confusion of different types and definitions of METONYMY. This article first examines the vagueness and arbitrariness of old definitions of METONYMY and then proposes the necessity of attention to metonymies in common language and of their entry into literary language. Next, providing examples in common and literary languages, three types of METONYMY namely “ METONYMY for the substantive” , METONYMY for the attribute” and “ METONYMY for the relation” are subdivided into twelve types in view of their limited and unlimited usage in literary and common languages. At the end, METONYMY for the relation is described as the most valuable because of its high descriptive power.

Journalistic texts are decorated with METONYMY in all the fields especially in the political texts. Understanding this figure of speech and its translation in the target language is a challenge with which interpreters usually encounter. In this study, we attempt to explore the role of METONYMY in some samples of journalistic texts of Persian and French with the aim of detecting the similarities and differences of the use of this figure of speech in these two languages. The findings indicate that METONYMY is not exclusively used to adorn journalistic texts; rather, it can have various functions such as language enrichment, avoidance of repetition, implication, etc. Besides, in French and Iranian rhetoric, there are disagreements among experts about this figure of speech, which makes the contrastive analysis of METONYMY more difficult. It should be noted that definitions put forward by both French and Iranian rhetoricians suffer from some shortcomings. French and Persian rhetoricians classify METONYMY in terms of contiguity and similarity respectively. There are disagreements about certain means of expression such as epanodos among French and Iranian rhetoricians. On the other hand, according to cognitive linguists, METONYMY is linked to cultural patterns. Different syntactic structures and semantic fields and above all cultural differences between French and Persian make the translation of METONYMY complicated. In addition, translation and its study which belong to the field of comparative linguistics can be crucial to detect cultural similarities and differences between the two languages. The results of translation suggest that metonymies linked to the different cultural patterns may not have metonymic equivalents in the target language and the translator is thus obliged to appeal to direct referents. But concerning metonymies linked to the different cultural patterns which have metonymic equivalents of the same class or another class with the same implied value in the target language, using cultural metonymic equivalents may lead to misunderstanding among the speakers of the target language. Thus, it is better to appeal to semantic substitution.

In this paper, the use of two different linguistic tools in Arabic language, i.e. METONYMY and Emphasis combined in form of "Emphasizing METONYMY" has been studied. METONYMY, in the tradition of Arabic linguistics, is defined as "the use of aword in the meaning other than the prime meaning for which the word was coined"...

With the emergence of electronic dictionaries and due to the inadequacies of existing Persian dictionaries, a scientific and theory-based approach is required in lexicography. One of the most important problems in lexicography is arranging entries, including lexical items (words and groups of words) and their equivalents, in a useful way to dictionary users. The current study aims to organize idioms and proverbs in a non-linear and non-alphabetical way. The following research questions were proposed to achieve the purpose of the study: 1. Based on the Cognitive Semantics approach, how can we describe and arrange idioms and proverbs? 2. How can applying the mechanisms and theories of Cognitive Semantics help lexicographers in the lemmatization of idioms and proverbs? To do this, based on the descriptive-analytical method and Cognitive Semantics approach and its concepts, such as conceptual metaphor, conceptual METONYMY, and conventional knowledge, the authors have examined the data extracted from the Sokhan two-volume Persian dictionary, two-volume Proverbial dictionary, Famous Iranian Proverbs and internet resources. The results indicated that by presenting metaphoric and metonymic idioms and proverbs in dictionaries, and based on the conventional knowledge of the language speakers, considering the semantic motivation and according to the concept of target domain of these expressions, a non-linear and non-alphabetical way can be proposed for arranging idioms and proverbs and their equivalents.

This study investigates the relationship between political ideology in media discourse and conceptual metonymies in Iranian newspaper headlines. In this research, by adopting the Critical METONYMY Analysis approach (Zhang 2014), cognitive metonymies extracted from Iran's newspapers headlines were analyzed critically, in order to know which conceptual metonymies have been used in their electoral headlines. Moreover, it aims to study how political ideologies of Reformists and Conservatives newspapers have influenced the selection of conceptual metonymies in electoral headlines. The data were extracted from electoral headlines of 12 available Conservative and Reformist newspapers, which were published during two months, from 15 Farvardin to 15 Khordad, 1396 (N=289 issue). The metonymies were identified, categorized, and analyzed based on availability and according to the principles of Conceptual METONYMY Theory. The results show that both metonymies of WHOLE FOR PART (3 types) and PART FOR WHOLE (2 types) have been used for highlighting and extension functions, respectively. The results reinforced the idea that ideology affects the formation of METONYMY, and metonymies are appropriate tools to reproduce ideology in media. Therefore, the study of conceptual METONYMY, along with other cognitive mechanisms, contributes to realize the objectives of Critical Discourse Analysis.