This article lists a number of geological data on the conditions of formation of some major gold deposits in the conglomerates of the Earth's crust. We analyze the metallogenic, tectonic, stratigraphic and other factors controlling the formation of gold-bearing conglomerates in certain fields, such as the Witwatersrand (S. Africa) and Darwaz (Tajikistan). The following tectonic factors play the leading role in controlling the formation of deposits of gold-bearing conglomerates in the Earth's crust: -Epochs of mountain building of different ages in folded belts; -Epochs of mountain building in activation of consolidated gold ore provinces in the domed uplifts of ancient shields, median areas and in areas with complete folding; -The role of lithogenesis of the molasse cycle, transgressions and angular unconformity in the formation of gold-bearing conglomerates in a large area; -Synchroneity with mountain building in gold ore provinces of different, intermountain molasse and marginal basins of various ages; and imposed volcanic and terrigenic conglomeratic molasse basins in activated gold ore provinces-Volcanic belts and deep faults.There are three industrial types of gold-bearing conglomerates: ancient Precambrian (indurated) sedimentary-metamorphosed placer, Phanerozoic cemented placer, and younger, weak, friable Pliocene-Pleistocene placers. We give some details about the methods for their exploration and financial costs for the development of selected industrial types of gold-bearing conglomerates.In this article, it is noted that during the Sassanian and the Mongolian Empire a certain amount of native gold was extracted from the Late Alpine molasse conglomerates which formed during the activation of gold ore area of the major Iranian middle massif.By analogy with the geological conditions of formation of deposits of gold-bearing conglomerates in the Earth's crust, the geological search criteria for deposits of gold-bearing conglomerates in some orogenic and widespread activated imposed conglomeratic molasse basins of Iran are given. A number of promising molasse conglomeratic basins are indicated: Mashhad intermountain deflection, as well as a number of superimposed molasse basins in the active superimposed volcano- plutonic belt of Iran, in particular Lut Block, middle massif, Tabriz, Ahar, and other superimposed molasse basins in the large Sabalan ring structure.In conclusion, we propose the development of selected areas and the establishment of new major resources of the gold - placer industry of Iran.

The upper part of Neogene sequence of the Zagros Mountains consists of a clastic succession which is identified as Aghajari and Bakhtyari formations. The sequence is an excellent example of synorogenic sedimentation or molasse deposited in northern portion of the Zagros foreland basin. Sedimentological analysis of an outcrop section representing Miocene-Pliocene sediments in central Dezful Embayment resulted in recognizing 9 lithofacies and 4 architectural elements. These lithofacies include conglometate (Gt, Gh, Gmm), sandstone (Sp, Sh, Sr, St) and mudstone (Fm, Fl) that were deposited in meandering stream, braided river and alluvial fan environments. Paleocurrent analysis of cross-beds, channels and asymmetric ripple marks indicate that these Neogene clastics were mainly drived from Cretaceous to Paleogene highlands in the Zagros Mountains on the north. This stratigraphic record is coarsening-upward and formed by a regressive depositional megacycle under arid climate. Facies and depositional history analysis show that sedimentation of the Zagros molasse was primarily controlled by base-level changes rather than catchment lithology or climate. The sedimentary record of this regressive megacycle reveales the base-level was constantly falling down on one hand and the provenance was uplifting on the other hand. Tectonic activities and Zagros Mountains rising in the Late Miocene resulted in deposition of fining-upward point-bar and floodplain sequences of the Aghajari Formation in low-gradient meandering streams. The Lahbari Member of the Aghajari Formation represents deposition in braided rivers that composed predominantly of flood-plain deposits in the Early Pliocene. Finally, the sedimentary cycle of the Zagros molasse deposits terminated with massive conglomerates of the Bakhtyari Formation deposited in large alluvial fans near the source area.

5 % of beet that used in the sugar industries has been changed in to molasse. Molasse is full of organic and inorganic material and it is included of high rich sugar. In Iran, some of this sugar is obtaining with the steffen method, but the waste water is produced within this method has very high PH, BOD, and more over of lime; it has sugar and non-sugar materials which is in molasse. In addition, it is included of organic and inorganic compounds and N2. When the waste water of the sugar industry has been evacuated in to environment without any purification operation, it will putrefy, biologically and its alkali nature has been decayed soon.So that various compounds with unpleasant smells have been generated.For the result, to prevent of evacuation pollution, in to the environment, when it isn't concentrated (Vinasse), first we must purify it biologically. In this case, for high-rich pollution, it is required to invest a large capital, although with using of vinasse method, not only the waste water can be omitted, but also we can recovery all of the organic and inorganic materials to have rich factory refuse.In this paper, necessity of the vinasse method for environmental pollution and engineering problems have been reviewed.

This experiment was carried out the study the effect of different levels of urea treated sugarcane bagasse in diet of dairy buffalo. A completely randomized design was conducted with 4 diets and 4 animals per diet in which, 16 buffaloes were used for 165 days. Experimental diets included of 0,20,40 and 60 percent of treated sugarcane bagasse (5% urea and 3% molasses).Average daily milk yield for experimental diets, 0, 20, 40 and 60 were 7.945, 8.057, 7.907 and 9.010 kg respectively. Butterfats were 7.297, 7.957, 7.587 and 7.405 percent respectively and crude proteins were 4.120, 4.105, 4.097 and 4.140 percent respectively. Milk dry matters were 18.330, 18.550, 18.427 and 18.515 percent for the treatments respectively. No significant differences were observed among the treatments for daily milk production and composition, except for the fat content that was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the 20% bagass diet. It can be concluded that treated sugarcane bagass could be included up to 23.5 percent of dry matter intake of dairy buffaloes.

Wind erosion and its dust are serious danger in erodible soil degradation, environment, air pollution and human health. It is an important problem in Iran and especially in Khuzestan province. In the current research, the effect of Sporosarcina pasteurii bacteria in Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) and sugarcane molasse as a culture media on wind erosion was investigated. The sandy soil sample was obtained from the Hamidyeh area in the Azadegan plain of Khuzestan province and the effect of time and culture media on the test was considered. The treatments were conducted with sugarcane molasse (10%) and TSB as a culture media and urea (2%) and calcium chloride as an injection solution. The experiment was carried out with the basis of completely randomized design with three replications. After 7, 15 and 30 days of injection, calcium carbonate content, penetration resistant and erodibility by wind tunnel were considered. Results showed that the highest concentrations of calcium carbonate were observed under 10% molasses treated with bacteria, which increased the percentage of calcium carbonate by 52%. The highest resistance to penetration was related to treatment 10% molasses application, which resulted in an increase of 1000 times the penetration resistance. The penetration resistance and the percentage of calcium carbonate accumulated in the soil showed a significant increase at the 5% level by LSD test, over time. The investigation of erodibility for selected samples was performed in wind tunnel with an average wind speed of 16 m/s. The amount of erosion in the sandy soil was decreased from 52% to zero, which indicates a 100% reduction in erosion. The results of this study indicate the significant role of molasses in reducing the erodibility of sandy soil and increasing the penetration strength. Thus, it can be suggested as a method to stabilize the sand.

This experiment was conducted to study the variations in chemical composition during the growth stage and characteristics of reed forage ensilage. Sampling of reed forage during the growth stage was done every 2 weeks for 3 months for investigation of variation in chemical composition. Results were analyzed in a completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 5 replications. The determined chemical composition of samples was CP, DM, OM, Ash, NDF, ADF, Hemicelluloses, IVDMD and IVOMD. Means of CP, IVDMD and IVOMD were decreased (from 16.56, 42.10 and 39.95 to 10.31, 28.68 and 27.83 percent respectively) and means of NDF and ADF were increased (from 63.34 and 35.12 to 77.76 and 41.64 percent respectively) with advancing growth period (p< 0.05). from Hoveize marsh 200 kg of reed forage harvested and choppered (1-3 cm length) and laboratory reed forage silage were prepared with 4 levels of molasses (0, 5, 10 and 15%) and 2 levels of inoculants, containing 1x1010CFUg-1 Lactobacillus plantarum (0 and 2.5 ppm) in 5 replication. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement (2x4x5=40). Adding 15 percent molasses decreased pH (from 4.62 to 4.16), ADF (from 37.10% to 30.34%), cellulose (from29.16% to 22.49%) and increased CP (from 10.21% to 10.98%) and IVDMD (from 27.58% to 36.76%) (p< 0.05). Bacteria inoculation did not have any significant effect on improving silage quality. Based on this results harvesting date for reed forage proposed to be between the first to middle of the month of may, and adding Lactobacillus plantarum silage was not effective, but adding 15%molasses proposed for silage preparing and improved its quality.

Nowadays compost fertilizers are suitable alternative to chemical fertilizers, due to the threats for human health and agriculture products. The most important problems for applying the compost fertilizer in the farm are: transportation (high volume), high moisture content, spreading problem, impurity such as dust and storage. To solve the problems mentioned, pressing process such as converting the compost to pellets and granules are suggested. In this research the effects of some granulation parameters on the percent of useful granules in a laboratory scale rotating drum was evaluated. The percentage of useful granules decreased by increasing the granulation time and increased by increasing the percentage of drum filling. The optimal conditions for granules production was achieved at drum rotational speed of 40.38 rpm, granulation time of 15 min, drum filling of 10% and molasse percentage of 40.97. According to these conditions, the response for useful granule was estimated as 81.6% with R2 of 0.924.

The effects of the Mid-Cimmerian event in the Binalud Mountains can be investigated in the Mashhad Phyllite around Mashhad and in the Aghdarband Group in the Aghdarband area. In the Eastern Binalud, this event acted in prehnite-pumpellyite to lower green schist facies and influenced the Shemshak group, which deposited as a post Early Cimmerian molasse blanket in a Rhaetian–Lias back-arc basin. The result is transformation of these sediments into the slate, phyllite and met asandstone. Tight to open folds, axial plane foliations and crenulation folds with NW-SE trending are the Mid-Cimmerian deformational structures. Due to the lower grade of metamorphism and deformation, there isn’t any important effect of this event on the rocks, which were previously deformed and metamorphosed by the Early Cimmerian event. The exhumation and erosion of deformed rocks by the Early and Mid-Cimmerian events generated the intramontane basins in the internal part of the eastern Binalud Mountains. In the Aghdarband area, this event is characterized by folding of the Sina Formation from the Aghdarband Group, which is unconformably overlain by the Kashafroud Formation.

Different characteristics of the rock units and their stratigraphic relationships, as well as magmatic and metamorphic activities in the southern part of the Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone resulted in identification of different tectono-stratigraphic units based on their tectonic environments reflecting the opening and closure of the Neotethys Ocean in southern Iran. The major tectono-stratigraphic units identified in this study are as follows: sediments deposited in the aulacogen setting in southern part of the Central Iranian platform of Paleozoic to Middle Triassic age; Triassic volcanic rocks and turbiditic sediments; low-grade flysch-type sediments of Jurassic-Early Cretaceous age deposited in a forearc basin; Lower Cretaceous carbonate platform sediments; suture zone-related rocks containing ophiolite, radilolarite and glaucophane schists; Tertiary flysch- type sediments containing exotic blocks of Lower Cretaceous carbonate, ophiolite and of the Zagros Formations formed over the edge of High Zagros zone; retro-arc foreland sediments of Central Iran which unconformably overlie the deformed rocks of northeastern part of the area; and finally post-orogenic molasse-type sediments resulted from post uplift erosion of the Zagros orogeny, deposited in the internal and marginal parts of the southern Sanandaj-Sirjan zone.