One of the most important inheritances of climate quaternary is glacier geomorphology evidence in Iran. Identifying and demarcation of glacial landforms in highlands are the best evidences to recognize morph climatic and morph dynamic territories. The study aimed to determine the morphoclimatic and morphodynamic zones in the last glacier period and current boundaries in the Jajroud basin, and compare results with previous theories. Hence, by using satellite imageries, topographic maps, GIS geology software and field observations, the locations of cirques were identified and then by using Peltier method morphoclimatic and morphodynamic boundaries in quaternary, were determined. Method and data used in this study were mainly obtained from topographic maps, geology, satellite images, climate data temperature and monthly precipitation. Results show that low level of glacier areas already existed at height of 5220 meter, and levels of solifluction, pluvial and pediment are at 4000 meter height, fluvial at, 3400 meter, and pediment at 1565 meter respectively. Also in the last glacier period, the lowest level of glacial was respectively at 3900 meter, Solifluction at 3000 meter, and fluvial at 2000 meter. The results show that morpho dynamic and morphoclimatic levels were higher than former results attained by "Alborz Mountain researches".

Geo-morphotourism is a new sub-discipline that relay on nature and try to maintain locality nature identity and introduce geologic phenomenon of a place to tourists. Geo-tourism has a wide audience nowadays all over the world. Geo-tourism is a kind of tourisms which try to maintain geographic, environmental, cultural characteristics of visited places or enhanced them; it may have economic development for visited places' citizens, too. It includes visiting places which have special landforms and geologic characters for spending leisure times and amazing feeling, improving their understandings of nature and educational & training purposes...

Species of the Alternaria section Nimbya are plant pathogens or saprophytes associated mainly with the plants in the Cyperaceae and Juncaceae families. Until now, five species from this section have been reported in Iran, but their sexual morphs have not been identified. In the present study, the sexual morph of Alternaria scirpivora was induced under laboratory conditions on PCA medium containing autoclave sterilized culms of Scirpus acutus incubated at 23–25 ºC for 90 days. Mature ascomata were formed after 2–3 months, containing asci and ascospores. The morphological characteristics of the sexual and asexual morphs are described and the phylogenetic relationships of A. scirpivora with closely related species are discussed. This is the first report of the sexual stage of this species in Iran and Asia.

By recognizing the tectonic effects on fluvial systems , the value and importance of rivers in the study of tech tonic activities were recognized. The Study of stream channels and their displaced deposits by faulting at earthquake time, indicates the amount of displacement and also gives specia information about the evaluation of earth quake hazards in the future. The study area is located in the central Kopeh Dagh (Northern Khorasan) and NW Bojnurd. Kopeh Daghs faults are responsible for major destructive earthquakes in the 19th and 20th centuries and represent an important seismic hazard for this populous region of NE Iran. In this study, In order to study the morphotectonic of Soluklu basin, some of Geomorphic indices including drainage basin asymmetry factor index (AF) and stream length-gradient index, transverse topographic system (T), (SL), hypsometric curve (Hc) and hypsometric integral (Hi) were calculated.Fractures of the study area are extracted by using green, red and near infrared band of Aster image. Aim of this research is identifying tectonic activity and high hazarding areas using geomorphic indices. Calculating various indexes shows that tectonic activity in the study area is high, least amount of tectonic activity is related to the north side and the highest amount of tectonic activity is related to south side of Soluklu basin. Calculating various indexes shows that appropriate place for build and urban development is the upstream part and the most inappropriate area for build and urbanization is the downstream part.  

Morphological variation gives us a knowing perspective, lets us more precisely speculate about genetic diversity among Christ' s-thorn individuals, leads us to identify and select elite germplasms for breeding purposes. On the other hand, biodiversity, itself, draws more attention by farmers, breeders, and conservation experts though such investigations. Plant organs/parts, e.g. leaf and fruit were sampled in three well known habitats: both qualitative and quantitative characteristics were measured. A completely randomized design experiment was carried out with10 replications In situ traits of studied trees were recorded. ANOVA revealed high significance of all measured characteristics indicating a large-scale diversity among the genotypes. For instance, fruit weight ranged 0.5-15gr. Leaf ranged 2-6.7 cm and 10-25% of total solution of the fruit samples comprised solute solids. Certain economic/taxonomically important traits were negatively-or positively correlated. The genotypes were clustered, plot analysis was performed for their morph and origins based on which they were finally grouped. Indian genotypes Collected from Hormozgan were clearly segregated from their Iranian counterparts. Collected genotypes in three provinces showed considerable morphological variations.

Climatic geomorphology or the climatic morphology, cognition of the earth's surface, reviews the recognition of landforms affected by climate elements and factors. This branch of geomorphology concentrates on the distribution of landforms in relation to divisions of climatic regions on the surface of the earth. Yet, there have been no specific and detailed studies on automat classification of territorial units or regional morph climatic in Iran. In this research, the morph climatic regions of Kermanshah province were identified and classified by employing Gis-based cluster analysis technique (Iso cluster) and also using seven topo-climatic parameters (including: elevation, slope, annual precipitation, the average minimum Iran. temperature, absolute minimum temperature, number of days with temperatures below zero and the average annual temperature), as a result, five morph climatic regions and seven macro geomorphologic units have been identified. these areas include: Arid morph climatic zone (fluvial/aeolian), Semi-Arid (fluvial/slope movements), Semi- Arid (Pedimentation/fluvial), Cold (preglacial/fluvial), Very Cold (nivation/preglacial/Karstification).most area about 45% is related to Semi-Arid zone (Pedimentation/fluvial) and lowest area with 3.65% is related to Very Cold zone in Kermanshah province. Despite the capabilities of GIS and the model used automat methods for morph climatic classification have yet to be developed in Iran.

The majority of bovine lameness involves structures of the digit. A prompt identification of problematic cases is needed to be done for prevention of premature culling decision. This cross-sectional and descriptive study was carried out at an abattoir in the vicinity of Tehran.41 cases of culled lame cows, with special reference to the claw lesions and their distribution were randomly selected. All amputated limb were referred to Pathology Department for more routine pathological studies by Maceration and Bleaching. In this study, post mortem examination revealed typical changes of chronic laminitis were among the most common pathological features, suggesting that laminitis may have affected virtually all the herd at some previous time. Clinical signs are as flows: the claws were much taller and more boxy than normal and the abaxial wall was convex in all directions. A bark-like substance occurred on the wall in some cases. Horn quality was poor in affected claws. Asymmetrical swelling of the heel and also appreciable widening of the periople part on the affected digit were the most common clinical features. Based on the results the following conclusions were reached: 1) chronic laminitis has an important role on the trend of culling in lame cows 2) the characteristic changes in the claw in culling lame cows may provide useful on-farm diagnostic technique for culling decision or attempt for appropriate therapy, particularly in deep sepsis cases.

Sperm morphometry is a part of the semen analysis based on CASA technology and has shown a big role in the prediction of male fertility. This analysis implies the use of stain techniques, although it has been shown that staining can make dramatic changes in the cell morphometry in different species. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the differences in sperm morphometry in Alpaca, introduced by the use of different stain techniques. Single ejaculates from five adult alpacas were used. Samples were recovered by deferent duct deviation surgery technique. Three stain techniques (i. e. Hemacolor, Harri’ s Henatoxylin and Diff-Quik) were evaluated. Morphometric analysis was done using ISAS® v1 CASA-Morph system, at 100x bright field objective magnification and a digital video camera with a final resolution of 0. 08 μ m/pixel. Almost 200 randomly selected cells were automatically analysed per sample and stain technique, considering several sperm-head and midpiece parameters regarding size and shape. Almost all of the parameters showed different levels of difference among the employed techniques. In general, the largest cell heads were the ones stained with Harri’ s Hematoxylin and the smallest ones were the ones stained with Diff-Quik. The discriminant parameters used to differentiate between animals better were the head width, area and acrosome percentage. In conclusion, like in other species, alpaca sperm morphometry results were found to be sensitive to the applied stain technique. This implies the necessity of referring clearly the stain technique used in each case to perform comparisons between different works on the same species. None of the employed techniques was superior to the others. In addition, the method used to obtain the samples showed its usefulness and simplicity for repeated samplings.

Neosetophoma iranianum has so far only been described in its coelomycetous asexual morph. In this study, the sexual morph for this species was recovered for the first time, from dead branches of Lonicera caprifolium, in North Khorasan Province, Iran. The connection between the asexual and sexual morphs of the species was confirmed by phylogenetic analysis based on ITS rDNA sequence data, and morphological traits. The sexual and asexual morphs of N. iranianum are described and illustrated here, and compared with closely related species. A dichotomous key for the identification of all species assigned to the genus Neosetophoma is also provided.