During the winter and spring of 2007 and 2008, 450 samples (leaves of carnation plants) showing symptoms of yellowing, mottling, leaf malformation, and stunting were collected from greenhouses in Mashhad and Chenaran regions. The samples were tested by DAS-ELISA for the presence of CarMV. Total RNA was extracted by RNXTM (-Plus) solution from positive infected samples confirmed in DAS-ELISA tests. AccuPowerR RT Pre Mix Kit was used for synthesis of cDNA with reverse specific primer according to two segments of genome. PCR amplification of cDNA was carried out using AccupowerR PCR PreMix. RT-PCR assay amplified two DNA fragments approximately 1037bp and 676 bp using. PCR products directly sequenced. The nucleotide sequence identity was also compared with different isolates of the world. The determined sequences of FUM2 isolate of CarMV were compared which previously reported 23 CarMV isolates, using Bioedit software and ClastalW2. A Neighbor-joining method of MEGA 3.1 was applied to construct unrooted trees for 3 genes (p7, p9 and partial p38). Analysis of the phylogenetic tree showed that our isolate is in group I and subgroup A.

Large-scale production of Nano fibres requires quality control. Uniformity in fibrous structures plays an important role in defining appearance, performance, etc. For example, in filtration processes, web performance is largely dependent on the uniformity of the web. In this paper, image analysis method based on MOTTLE and graininess algorithms for Nano-web uniformity measurement was proposed. An appropriate computer program based on ISO-13660 standard MOTTLE and graininess algorithms was developed and uniformity of the Black and White images were measured. Image processing algorithm is applied on two types of images: simulated and real Nano-web images. The result indicates that the attempt to use the MOTTLE and graininess algorithms for determining Nano-web uniformity measurement has been successful. Also, inverse of graininess are reasonably good in evaluatinguniformity of Nano-web. This method has capability of being used as on-line technique for quality control of Nano-web uniformity.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The yield of soybeans is affected by the performance of agronomic traits and the presence of abiotic and biotic environmental stresses. The utilization of pesticides to alleviate biotic environmental stressors results in environmental deterioration. One of the biotic environmental stresses is virus disease caused by Cowpea mild MOTTLE virus. Identifying the main factors influencing yield and selecting traits resistant to virus infection can assist development programs in creating soybean varieties with enhanced Cowpea mild MOTTLE virus tolerance. The soybean lines can face one of the biotic environmental stresses. Soybean varieties are susceptible to a range of biotic environmental challenges. This investigation sought to examine the diversity in agronomic traits and disease resistance, with the goal of identifying the top-performing soybean varieties for controlling Cowpea mild MOTTLE virus disease.METHODS: The plant materials were 1000 soybean lines originating from 26 crosses. Each line was planted in rows and inoculated with Cowpea mild MOTTLE virus naturally using the Bemisia tabaci vector. To set up the experiment, a population of Bemisia tabaci carrying the Cowpea mild MOTTLE virus was established in the field, enabling natural biotic environmental stress of the plants by the virus infection. The identification of the lines was conducted through an assessment of agronomic characteristics and an analysis of the relationship between these characteristics and their susceptibility to Cowpea mild MOTTLE virus. The attributes that had a substantial impact on the principal component analysis biplot and their correlation with seed yield per plot were initially identified  as selection criteria.FINDINGS: Soybean plants displayed diverse agronomic characteristics and disease ratings. Rather than relying on resistance, their defense mechanism against diseases involved tolerance. The variation in soybean characteristics can be attributed mainly to factors such as seed yield, the quantity of filled pods, and the number of productive pods per plant. Additionally, plant height showed the strongest correlation among these traits. The selected 100 soybean varieties displayed outstanding agronomic characteristics and resistance to diseases, leading to a decrease in the need for pesticides and contributing to environmental conservation.CONCLUSION: Soybean seed yield is influenced by agronomic traits and biotic environmental stress such as virus disease, with significant diversity observed among the tested lines. The attributes that had the most significant impact were the amount of productive nodes, quantity of filled pods, and seed yield per plant. Plant height consistently showed a strong correlation with seed yield. Seed yield per plant had a positive correlation with the disease score, making it unsuitable as a selection criterion. This positive correlation has been observed, indicating that soybeans possess a mechanism of tolerance that enables them to sustain optimal seed yields even when infected by a virus. The criteria for selecting 100 superior soybean lines included the number of filled pods, number of nodes, and plant height, which were deemed suitable for the evaluation process. The use of 100 selected soybean lines can reduce pesticide usage while maintaining environmental quality and supporting sustainable agriculture.

In the summer of 2018, viral symptoms corresponded to Strawberry MOTTLE virus (SMoV) in some strawberry fields were observed and 48 leaf samples/plants were collected from different fields from Kurdistan Province. In the preliminary test, some samples were inoculated to Fragaria vesca by strawberry aphid (Chaetosiphon fragaefolii) and SMoV-symptoms were observed after about two weeks. Then, total RNA of samples was extracted by silica-capture method and subjected to cDNA synthesize with random hexamer primers. RT-PCR was done by specific SMoV pair primer and amplified fragments were observed on 1. 2% agarose gels. RT-PCR results were showed that 28 out of 48 samples were infected by SMoV. Based on the geographical origin, cultivar and symptoms, five isolates were selected, ligated to pTG-19 and transformed to Escherichia coli. Recombinant plasmids were sequenced and analyzed for molecular characterization and phylogenetic studies on SMoV 3΄ NCR. Mean genetic distance between the isolates from Iran was 0. 005 ± 0. 002 but between these isolates and the other isolates available in GenBank was 0. 084 ± 0. 008. The highest and lowest genetic distance was found between K3 with NSper51 (0. 093 ± 0. 008) and SQA/AG with NB926 (0. 019 ± 0. 017) from Canada, respectively. This is the first report on occurrence of SMoV on strawberry in Kurdistan Province.

Mixed infections of cucurbits by Cucumber green MOTTLE mosaic virus (CGMMV) and Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) exhibit a synergistic interaction. Watermelon, cucumber and cantaloupe co-infected by the WMV and CGMMV displayed synergistic pathological responses, finally in some cases, progressing to vascular wilt and plant death. Accumulation of CGMMV RNAs in a mixed infection with WMV in some cucurbits was higher than infection with CGMMV alone. Moreover, the level of capsid protein from CGMMV increased in mixed infection. However, the level of WMV did not show any significantly increase in doubly versus singly infected plants. Single infections of WMV or CGMMV on the same hosts produced only vein clearing, blistering, systemic mosaic or mottling on the upper leaves and similar symptoms developed after double infection. It is concluded that co-infections with WMV and CGMMV displayed synergistic interaction which could have epidemiological consequence.

Introduction: Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the major oilseeds of the Fabaceae family. Peanut MOTTLE virus (PeMoV) is a Potyvirus that can infect not only peanuts, but also soybeans, and some other legumes. Aphids and contaminated peanut seeds transmit the virus to healthy peanut and soybean plants, causing significant damage. Soybeans infected with the virus have been found to exhibit symptoms such as mosaic, mottling, yellowing, and stunting. Materials and Methods: From May to October 2020, 132 leaf samples with presumptive symptoms of the virus, such as mosaic, mottling, deformation, stunting, yellowing, and wrinkling, were collected from soybean fields in Mazandaran and Golestan provinces of Iran. Total RNA was isolated using Promega SV Total RNA Isolation Kit (USA). Complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized using random hexamer primers and reverse transcriptase enzyme, M-MuLV thermo-resistant H (ParsTous, Iran). Subsequently, the cDNA library was amplified in the presence of Taq DNA polymerase with degenerate primers related to the genomic regions of the cylindrical inclusion (CI) and Helper component proteinase (HC-Pro) of potyviruses and the coat protein (CP)-specific primer pairs of PeMoV for Sanger sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using MEXA X (Kumar et al., 2018). Multiple alignments were performed using the MAFFT software version 7. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the Minimum Evolution (ME) and Tamura-Nei methods with 1000 bootstraps. Results and Discussion: RT-PCR tests with degenerate primers for potyviruses (HC-Pro and CI) and specific primer pairs for PeMoV virus (CP), followed by Sanger sequencing, confirmed the presence of this virus in soybean samples. The RTPCR amplified fragments of 700 and 1450 bp with degenerate primers for potyviruses and CP-specific primer pairs for PeMoV, respectively, whereas no fragment was amplified from the healthy plants. The nucleotide sequence of the coat protein region of this isolate shared 88. 56-95. 80% identity with the corresponding sequence of other GenBank isolates. Phylogenetic trees based on coat protein alignments of the PeMoV-soya isolate with 16 other PeMoV isolates in the GeneBank grouped these isolates into two phylogroups I and II. Group I included isolates from China, Israel, Brazil, Iran, Kenya, South Korea, Turkey, Colombia, Australia, and the USA isolated from soybean, Arachis pintoi, and peanut. Group II were consisted of two isolates from Zambia (Phaseolus vulgaris). The Iranian isolate (PeMoV-soya) was placed in Group I and formed a clade with isolates from Kenya, South Korea, and Turkey. Based on phylogenetic analysis, the results showed that isolates from different hosts with different geographical origins belonged to the same phylogenetic group and probably shared a common ancestor. It indicates that geographical distribution and host do not play a role in grouping of Iranian isolate. Accordingly, it can be assumed that the multiple transmissions from one host to another (peanuts, beans, and soybeans) or host jumping, has led to the accumulation of mutations in its coating protein gene. In the study of motifs in this region (CP), the functional DAA motif at the amino terminus of the PeMoV coat protein replaced the DAG motif which is involved in aphid transmission. All PeMoV isolates contain the DAA motif, allowing their identification. A repetitive conserved sequence (EK)3 was observed upstream of this motif. PeMoV isolates (distributed across Africa, Asia, and the United States) may be geographically widespread due to this conserved sequence. In bioassay, there was a limited host range for this isolate, which was limited to soybean (Williams 82 and Essex) and peanut. Conclusion: For effective disease management, viruses must be correctly identified. Virus detection and disease management are difficult as viruses can evolve and produce molecular and biological variations. A wellestablished approach that is usually used when a new virus-like disease appears is to test for known viruses. PCR is the most widely used technique for detection of plant viruses. Based on the results of this study, the presence of the peanut MOTTLE virus was confirmed in soybean fields in the north of Iran using the RT-PCR test. Based on the CP gene, the molecular characteristics of the virus were determined. According to this, unlike mutations, recombination plays no role in the evolution of the new PeMoV. Since the Peanut MOTTLE virus can infect peanut plants, soybeans, beans, and most legumes, avoiding cultivating soybeans, peanuts, and beans close to each other will assist in management of the disease. Using integrated cultivation and avoiding crofting will effectively reduce the creation of recombinant isolates and appearance of the resistance-breaking isolates.

Rice yellow MOTTLE virus (RYMV), endemic to Africa, is spread within and between rice fields by several species of Chrysomelid beetles and grasshoppers. In Tanzania and particularly in Morogoro, the virus is increasingly becoming a serious problem to rice production. The part of the field and developmental stage of rice at which RYMV vectors are predominantly abundant were not known since the need for the study. The assessment of population abundance of RYMV insect vectors were conducted in the three divisions of Mngeta, Ifakara and Mang’ ula of Kilombero district, in Morogoro Tanzania using sweep net in 4 m2 quadrats. Results revealed the highest abundance of two RYMV vectors, Oxya hyla Serville, 1831 and Chaetocnema sp, on the border parts of the rice fields rather than in the middle parts. The study established that the density of RYMV vectors was dependent on crop growth stages where the number of vectors increased with increase in crop age and it is concluded that the two insects are the main vectors of RYMV in the study area.

To produce and purify movement protein ofCucumber green MOTTLE mosaic virus (CGMMV MP), a plant viral vector engineered from anin vivo infectious clone of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) was used. The CGMMV MP ORF was in frame inserted between the P1 and HC-Pro ORFs of the ZYMV vector. The infectious activity of the vector was approved by rubbing the plasmid on Chenopodium quinoa leaves and observing local lesions.Individual lesions were mechanically transferred to the systemic host plant zucchini squash at the stage of two-cotyledon. The stability of recombinant protein expression was assessed by successive passages of recombinant from infected plant and throughout the period of 30 days after inoculation in a single plant and after 10 serial passages. Then, the leaves tissues of inoculated plant were analyzed by RT-PCR and western blot analysis. Recombinant protein was purified using centrifuge method combine with gel extraction; each step was sampled and analyzed by western blotting and SDS-PAGE. The results showed approximately 1.8–2.2 mg recombinant MP per 100 g tissues were purified from leaves two weeks post inoculation. Also, the vector was remarkably stable in squash after 10 serial passages and 30 days. The procedure provides a convenient and fast method for production of large quantities of pure CGMMV MP in planta.

Background: Watermelon silver MOTTLE virus (WSMoV), which belongs to the genus Tospovirus, causes significant lossin Cucurbitaceae plants.Objectives: Development of a highly sensitive and reliable detection method for WSMoV.Materials and Methods: Recombinant plasmids for targeting the sequence of nucleocapsid protein gene of WSMoV wereconstructed. SYBR Green I real-time PCR was established and evaluated with standard recombinant plasmids and 27watermelon samples showing WSMoV infection symptoms.Results: The recombinant plasmid was used as template for SYBR Green I real-time PCR to generate standard and meltingcurves. Melting curve analysis indicated no primer-dimers and non-specific products in the assay. No cross-reactionwas observed with Capsicum chlorosis virus (genus Tospovirus) and Cucumber mosaic virus (genus Cucumovirus).Repeatability tests indicated that inter-assay variability of the Ct values was 1.6%.Conclusions: A highly sensitive, reliable and rapid detection method of SYBR Green I real-time PCR for timely detectionof WSMoV plants and vector thrips was established, which will facilitate disease forecast and control.