Metal-Semiconductor-Metal photodetectors consist of two metallic contacts and an aperture for photon absorption. An MSM photodetector has low dark current, because one of the contacts is always in the reverse bias region. In this paper, we studied the impact of aluminum (metal contact) characteristics on the dark current, photocurrent, and photo-response of a silicon-based MSM photodetector. Metal work function has a small variation in different deposition processes. Impact of metal work function and layer thickness on the performance of MSM photodetector are studied. To this aim, an MSM photodetector is simulated and the dark current, photocurrent, and the photo-response of the structure are investigated. The analyses show that aluminum work function and thickness have a direct effect on the dark current, photocurrent, and photo-response of the photodetector which can change the structure from a photovoltaic to a photoconductive device if the mentioned parameters are not selected well. Therefore, these parameters should be optimized in the design stage. In this study, for a symmetric MSM photodetector, the optimal work function was achieved to be 4. 26 eV. Work functions less than this value result in an ohmic contact between the aluminum layer and the silicon layer, and work functions more than this value result in a Schottky junction with a very low breakdown voltage in the reverse bias region which both regions degrade performance of the photodetector. Moreover, the best aluminum layer thickness was obtained to be 1. 1 μ, m. This thickness leads to the maximized photo-response in the photodetector.

This paper examines the impact of 2005 presidential election of Iran on the Tehran stock exchange volatility as a political shock. It uses GARCH family (FIEGARCH, EGARCH, and GARCH) and Markov Regime Switching (MRS) models as the analytical frameworks for the main the stock daily prices index. Our findings confirm statistical validity of ARIMA- FIEGARCH-X and AR (1) MRS as appropriate specifications. Furthermore, uncertainty in the market caused more volatility before the election and this volatility has continued after the election.Consequently, if the right party wins the election, the market volatility increases and it is actually what investors expect. In addition, MRS reveals that probability of staying in a high volatile situation on average is O.71 and the volatility duration in the market is 4 days.

Background and Aim: With regards to the increasing prevalence of knee osteoarthritis (OA), the complaints of these patients from pain, some reports from the positive effects of glucosamine in decreasing pain in these patients and due to some defects in previous researches and for the comparison of the effects of Glucosamine Sulphate and Glucosamine/MSM, this study was done on the quality of pain and sign and symptoms of knee OA in a private clinic in 2008. Materials and Methods: A randomized matched clinical trial was conducted. Patients over 40 years old with knee OA according to ACR criteria, BMI<30, without history of recent knee surgery (recent one year) and after ruling out secondary OA, were enrolled in our study. The patients were randomly divided into 2 groups: glucosamine 1tab/BID and glucosamine/MSM 1tab/BID for 6 months. Outcome included WOMAC index. The change in pain score was studied in each group under Wilkacson statistic method and between the 2 groups, it was studied using Mann Whitney method. Results: 27 patients were included in glucosamine group and 26 patients in glucosamine/MSM group. The incidence of side effects was similar in both groups (p<0.9). Pain severity in the beginning, sex, age, and other studied factors were similar too. The decrease in pain score was 27.4±17.3 in Glucosamine group and 25.5±15.7 in Glucosamine/MSM group which means 28.8% reduction in Glucosamine group and 26.1% reduction in Glucosamine /MSM group (p<0.005), but in comparison, it was not meaningful statistically (P<0.8). Conclusion: It seems that these two groups of drugs have similar effects, but due to prices and side effects, Glucosamine is better than Glucosamine/MSM.

Optimal crop water requirement is needed for precise irrigation scheduling. Prediction of crop water requirements is a basic factor to achieve this goal. In this study, maize potential evapotranspiration (ETp) was prediced by maize simulation model (MSM). Then, it was evaluated and validated using experimental field data obtained in Agricultural Research Station of Shiraz University (Bajghah, Fars province) during 2003 and 2004. Comparison of measured volumetric soil water content with predicted values by MSM model in 2003 and 2004 indicated that this subroutine (prediction of maize evapotranspiration) did not need modification. Also, daily potential evapotranspiration of maize was estimated by using Penman-Monteith equation considering single and dual crop coefficients. Comparison between the results of predicted ETp by MSM model, calculated ETp by Penman-Monteith, and measured irrigation water and soil water content indicated that the prediction of ETp by MSM model was satisfactory. Model prediction of seasonal ETp, potential transpiration (Tp) and soil evaporation (E) were 831, 536 and 329 mm, respectively, in 2003, and 832, 518 and 314 mm, respectively, in 2004. The values of ETp, Tp and E calculated by Penman-Monteith method using dual crop coefficients were 693, 489 and 205 mm, respectively, in 2003, and 700, 487 and 213, respectively in 2004.Maximum rate of predicted potential ETp, Tp and E were 11.1, 8.2 and 5.1 mm d-1, respectively in 2003 and 13.0, 9.0 and 4.0 mm d-1, respectively in 2004. The values of calculated seasonal ETp by Penman-Monteith method using single crop coefficient were 615 and 632 mm in 2003, and 2004, respectively. Comparison between the results of predicted ETp by MSM model, calculated ETp by Penman-Monteith equation with single and dual crop coefficients (FAO-56) and measured values of irrigation water and soil water contents of root depth indicated that FAO-56 methods underestimated the ETp.

The Tourism Mobile E-commerce Service Quality Evaluation (TMESQE) is of great concern to enterprises for enriching the service content of the enterprise and improving its market competitiveness. The key issue is the tremendous vagueness and reciprocity for TMESQE. The Maclaurin Symmetric Mean (MSM), as a vital fusion approach, can capture the reciprocity between multiple given arguments more e, ectually. Amount of Weighted MSM (WMSM) has been presented for dealing with various neutrosophic information integration issues because the arguments are hourly interoperable. However, these kinds of WMSM operators are out of the reducibility or idempotency. To handle two problems above, we introduce Single-Valued Neutrosophic Linguistic Reducible Weighted MSM (SVNLRWMSM) operator and Single-Valued Neutrosophic Linguistic Reducible Weighted Dual MSM (SVNLRWDMSM) operator. In the meantime, the diverting properties and certain peculiar cases of developed operators are discussed. Therefore, we explore two Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) algorithm based on SVNLRWMSM and SVNLRWDMSM for dealing with the TMESQE issue, along with the sensitivity analysis of various values on , nal ordering. Conclusively, the comparison of some existing algorithms has been conducted for showing their availability.

The tourism mobile e-commerce service quality evaluation (TMESQE) is of great concern to enterprises for enriching the service content of the enterprise and improving its market competitiveness. The key issue arises tremendous vagueness and reciprocity for TMESQE.The Maclaurin symmetric mean (MSM), as a vital information fusion tool, can capture the reciprocity among multiple given argument more effectually.Amount of weighted MSMs have been presented for dealing various neutrosophic information integration issues because the arguments are hourly interoperable.However, these kinds of weighted MSM (WMSM) operators are out of the reducibility or idempotency. To solve two above issues, we introduce the single-valued neutrosophic linguistic reducible WMSM (SVNLRWMSM) operator and the single-valued neutrosophic linguistic reducible weighted dual MSM (SVNLRWDMSM) operator. In the meantime, certain interesting properties and some special cases of developed operators are explored in detail. Whereafter,we develop two multiple attribute decision making (MADM) algorithms based on SVNLRWMSM and SVNLRWDMSM for dealing the TMESQE issue, along with the sensitivity analysis of various parameter values on final ordering. Conclusively, a comparison with some existing algorithms has been conducted for showing their availability.

Background: The prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in men who have sex with men (MSM) is higher than in other communities. We aimed to Uncovering the risk of sexually transmitted infections in MSM in Indonesia. Methods: We adopted a cross-sectional design carried out in 24 provinces in Indonesia from March-May 2023, using secondary data from the 2018-2019 Integrated Biological Behavior Survey (IBBS). The population consisted of MSM who had sex with men totaling 6,000 people. A total of 4,290 samples were selected using Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS). The data obtained were analyzed with chi-square and logistic regression models of risk factors. Results: The prevalence of STIs in MSM was 20.9%. Marital status, consistency of condom use (P<0.01), how to get condoms (P<0.001), and STIs examination (P<0.001) had a significant association with the incidence of STIs among MSM from 2018 – 2019. Meanwhile, the use of lubricant during sex association had no significant relationship with the incidence of STIs. Vaginal and anal sexual intercourse had a significant relationship with the incidence of STIs, where MSM who CI95% (had their first anal sex between the ages of 25-49 years (P<0.001), AOR=2.26 and vaginal sex at the age of ≥50 years were more at risk of experiencing STIs (P<0.017), AOR=1.33. Conclusion: Marital status, consistency of condom use, how to get condoms, and STIs examination, vaginal and anal sexual intercourse had a significant association with the incidence of STIs among MSM.

Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE) is one of the ether oxygenates which its use has been increased within the last twenty years. This compound is produced from isobutylene and methanol reaction that is used as octane index enhancer and also increases dissolved oxygen in gasoline and decreases carbon monoxide emission in four phased motors because of better combustion of gasoline. High solubility in water (52 g/L), high vapor pressure (0.54 kg/cm3), low absorption to organic carbon of soil and presence of MTBE in the list of potentially-carcinogens of U.S EPA has made its use of great concern. The culture media used in this study was Mineral Salt Medium (MSM). The study lasted for 236 days and in three different concentrations of MTBE of 200, 5 and 0.8 mg/L. A control sample was also used to compare the results.  This research studied the isolation methods of microbial consortium in the MTBE polluted soils in Tehran and Abadan petroleum refinery besides MTBE degradation. The results showed the capability of bacteria in consuming MTBE as carbon source. Final microbial isolation was performed with several microbial passages as well as keeping consortium in a certain amount of MTBE as the carbon source.

Objective: Methamphetamine consumers use can have more efficient practices, be hyperactive, and take sexual risk-taking behaviors. These behaviors are particularly remarkable in homosexuals.Methods: The present study was conducted based on casual-comparative method in the field of descriptive studies. Since 1 March to 25 June 2015, a total of 62 MSM subjects were selected based on chain method and divided into two groups of methamphetamine dependent (n=30) and non-dependent ones (n=32). sexual behaviors were examined by sexual behavior questionnaire based on 3 dimensions of sexual thoughts, sexual pleasure, and sexual hyperactivity. High-risk sexual behavior were evaluated by sexual behavior questionnaire, their relation with participants’ educational status, occupation, age, income, and number of sexual partners in the last 3 months were analyzed using the parametric T-test.Results: Data analysis showed that methamphetamine dependent MSM were significantly higher (P<0.01) in all 3 components of sexual thoughts and pleasure, hyperactivity, and sexual behavior compared to non-dependent group. However, regarding age, there was no significant difference between age and sexual risk behavior (P=0.05).Conclusion: methamphetamine dependent MSM have a unique experience of thoughts, pleasure, and aspirations and have high tendency to high-risk sexual behavior. These findings are consistent with the previous research on the importance of stimulant consumption and specifically methamphetamine in creating high-risk sexual behavior. Controlling methamphetamine use plays an important role in preventing the transmission of infectious diseases.