Competition law is a newcomer to the legal system recently. A sound understanding of competition policy can provide us with sufficient bases to apply a fundamental and normative view of the issues of competition law. The difference in supervision and regulation determines how the market functions and in order to understand this difference one must understand competition policy. Competition policy may be based on governmental support for national production and industry or on a non-interventional and regulatory posture. Moreover, supervision, based on the principle of non-intervention in the market mechanism, is rooted in liberal ideas; however, regulation, whether as a rule or an exception, is based on the assertion that the market has been ineffective in attaining its goals. Therefore, the government will resort to interventions to regulate inefficiencies.  This paper aims to analyze Supervisory Authority in Implementing Competitive Policy by employing the description method. In this article the author tries to first delineate competition policy, its related requirements and imposed deviations to the market. Then, by defining the supervisory entity and clarifying its distinction from the regulatory institutions, the author considers the characteristics of an appropriate supervisory entity conducting a comparative study of this issue in Iran and the U.S.A. This form of Competition policy because of its applicable experiences which have been well described by recent scholarship is considered suitable for the native system.

Hedging is one of the most important topics in investment field, which could be noticed from different points of view. We evaluate the role of gold relative to different indices in Tehran Security Exchange (TSE) as a representative of Iran Capital Market. In this topic gold charecterristics of “ save haven” and “ hedge” versus TSE are studided. Daily Price Returns of 21 TSE stock indices and daily price returns of world gold (ons) are used as research data. Utilizing these data and GARCH model, two charecteristics of “ safe haven” and “ hedge” related to long position and short position of world gold for each stock indice is determined. This way it provide us with deciding on proper position in world gold, whether long or short position, to hedge downfall of a certain stock. In accordance with outcomes, we find long position in gold is not a strong hedge for non of the studied groups except for transportation indice. In addition, short position in gold is a weak hedge for two groups of non-metalic minerals and metals. Regarding safe haven, long position of gold played as a strong safe haven role for all groups in 10% quantile but not in non of 5% & 1% quantiles. Long position of gold is a safe haven for most of indices. However, there are little groups for which short position of gold is a safe haven.

According to predictions in the literature, sock price of firms with greater product market power is less sensitive to order flows which results in greater stock liquidity. This prediction was examined in a sample of 75 listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange during 1388 to 1391 using three illiquidity measures (Amihud Ratio, Quoted Spread, Effective Spread) and two proxies for market power. The results of panel regressions showed that stock liquidity increases with market share (the first proxy of market power). Findings also showed the relationship between operational income ratio (second proxy of market power) and stock liquidity is not meaningful and consistent with theory. It seems that the reputation of firms in product market (respect to market share) results in higher stock market liquidity than their profitability. Other results confirmed that advertising in product market doesn’t influence stock market liquidity, directly.

Apple is considered one of the most important Iranian products, which has a high position in both job and value creation. In this study, empirical analysis of major Iranian apple export markets was conducted using the pricing to market (PTM) under two kind of exchange rate such as nominal exchange rate and real exchange rate. In this regard, the annual data from 1993 to 2015 were used. The econometric analysis using the panel corrected standard errors (PCSE) showed that PTM behavior is influenced by the exchange rate effects and The impact of country specific effects on the behavior of Apple exporters is not observed. The PTM behavior was better predicted with the real exchange rate. The analysis of the asymmetric effects of the exchange rate also showed that these effects are asymmetric in exports to the Netherlands. Given the negative sign of the coefficient of estimating the asymmetric effects model, it can be concluded that the effect of the depreciation of the rial on the transfer of exchange rate fluctuations to the Dutch apples markets is greater than its increase. Therefore, it is suggested that economic experts identify different market elasticity marks, to determine the type of market. In countries where the market is a competitive and elastic product, it is necessary to identify the behavior of other competitors and reduce export prices to compete with other countries where export Apple.

Due to the stochastic nature of wind energy, allocating an appropriate investment incentive for wind generation technology (WGT) is a complicated issue. We propose an improvement on the traditional incentive, known as capacity payment mechanism (CPM), to reward the wind generators based on their performance exogenously affected by the wind energy potential of the location where the turbines are installed, and therefore, lead the investments towards locations with more generation potential. In CPM, a part of investment cost of each generator is recovered through fixed payments. However, in our proposal, wind generators are rewarded according to dynamic forecasts of the wind energy potential of the wind farm where they are located. We use an auto-regressive moving average (ARMA) model to forecast the wind speed fluctuations in long-term while capturing the auto-correlation of wind velocity variation in consecutive time intervals. Using the system dynamics (SD) modelling approach a competitive electricity market is designed to examine the efficiency of the proposed incentive. Performing a simulation analysis, we conclude that while a fixed CPM for wind generation can decrease the loss of load durations and average prices in long-term, the proposed improvement can provide quite similar results more efficiently.

This study aimed to evaluate whether the efficiency of the cryptocurrency market varies over time according to the Adaptive Market Hypothesis. It investigated the varying cryptocurrency market efficiency by applying daily historical data to Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, Ripple, and Cardano. The conformity of cryptocurrencies to the normal distribution was examined by the Jarque-Bera test and their stationarity was tested by unit root tests. The cryptocurrency daily return predictability was measured using the Automatic Portmanteau and Wild Bootstrap Automatic Variance Ratio tests. Besides, the daily returns of cryptocurrencies were analyzed using the 500-days rolling window approach to capture the time-varying nature of the cryptocurrency market efficiency. Findings are consistent with the Adaptive Market Hypothesis and indicate that the cryptocurrency market efficiency varies over time. Besides, the cryptocurrency market efficiency varies and generally corresponds to positive or negative news/events.