In the present study, the effects of indole acetic acid (IAA) on certain physiological and biochemical parameters in Glycine max (L.) Merr under aluminum chloride (AlCl3)stress were studied. Seeds were sterilized and cultured in petri-dishes. Six days old seedlings were transferred to pots, and then they were irrigated with Hoagland solution in a growth chamber (with 16 h light period per 24 h, with day / night temperatures of 25/18oC respectively). Twenty days old plants were treated with different concentrations of AlCl3 (0, 50, 100, 200 and 300 mM) and IAA (0, 50 and 100 mM). Plants were harvested 15 days after treatment. The plants exhibited decline in the relative water content (RWC), protein, soluble sugars, the chlorophylls a and b, carotenoids contents and photosynthetic rate with increase of aluminum chloride concentration, but the respiration rate and CO2 compensation concentration were increased. With addition of IAA to culture solutions containing aluminum, the plants showed further decrease in the amount of soluble sugars, chlorophylls a and b, carotenoids and photosynthetic rate and further increase in other parameters. With ncreasing of aluminum concentration to culture solutions with and without IAA unsoluble sugars, proline and lipid peroxidation increased.

The Max-Mean Dispersion Problem comprises selecting a subset of elements from a set while maximising the average of a measure of dispersion. We usually compute this measure of dispersion based on some distance metric between the elements of the candidate set. However, in real-world applications, this measure of dispersion could be ill-defined or vague. For example, consider the problem of building a team to execute some kinds of project. We can see the dispersion between the members of the team as the team chemistry, so the coach is interested in maximising this chemistry. In this example, it would be very difficult to compute exactly a dispersion measure for each candidate. This is due to the lack of information about how well the candidates worked together in the past. To cope with imprecise or vague information, in this paper, we propose three mixed integer linear programming models based on possibility, necessity, and credibility measures. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first approach which explicitly considers this type of uncertainty in this optimisation problem.

Constitutional law is one of the most important fields of legal knowledge and its close connection with political science has led thinkers in the other fields of humanities to discuss the concepts and principles of this knowledge. Max Weber, one of the most important thinkers of recent centuries, has carefully reflected upon the knowledge of law, especially Constitutional law. He lived in a turbulent time and witnessed the rise of Germany as well as its decline. In the midst of World War I, Weber addressed Constitutional law issues and provided analyses in this regard and later played a vital role in drafting the Weimar Constitution. He was a supporter of the presidentialism and the extraordinary powers of the president, which were enshrined in the Weimar Constitution and later created many problems. This article aims to examine Weber's theory of Constitutional law and to explain his outlook and interpretation towards issues such as the president, parliament, and democracy

The max+sum spanning tree problem is to find a spanning tree T* which makes the combined weight “max w(e)+Sum c(e) time” as small as possible, in which a weight w(e) and a cost c(e) are prescribed for each e ͼT. The problem can be solved in O(mlog n) time. In an inverse max+sum spanning tree problem, T0 is a given spanning tree of G, which is not an optimal max+sum spanning tree. Then we modify the weight vector w to w̅ so that T0 becomes a max+sum spanning tree. The goal is to minimize the modification cost ||w̅-w||under Hamming distance. This paper presents a new solution algorithm for the inverse max+sum spanning tree problem under weighted sum-type Hamming distance by modifying the max-weight vector with time complexity of O(mlog n). First, we formulate the problem and then present a new solution algorithm for the problem under investigation. Finally, we present a numerical example to illustrate the efficiency of the algorithm.

The max+sum spanning tree problem is to find a spanning tree T* which makes the combined weight “, max w(e)+Sum c(e) time”,as small as possible, in which a weight w(e) and a cost c(e) are prescribed for each e ͼ, T. The problem can be solved in O(mlog n) time. In an inverse max+sum spanning tree problem, T0 is a given spanning tree of G, which is not an optimal max+sum spanning tree. Then we modify the weight vector w to w̅,so that T0 becomes a max+sum spanning tree. The goal is to minimize the modification cost ||w̅,-w||under Hamming distance. This paper presents a new solution algorithm for the inverse max+sum spanning tree problem under weighted sum-type Hamming distance by modifying the max-weight vector with time complexity of O(mlog n). First, we formulate the problem and then present a new solution algorithm for the problem under investigation. Finally, we present a numerical example to illustrate the efficiency of the algorithm.

By generalizing and developing Richards’s view and by counting limitations of both the substitution and comparison theories, Max Black explains his interaction theory of metaphor. Words in Blacks view, interact in a metaphorical expression to produce a meaning that is the result of this interaction. Black analyzes this interaction as an interaction between the framework and focus of metaphor in which framework, by providing a unique context to focus, imposes an extension of meaning to the focus word. The focus word acquires a new meaning from this interaction. This article is intended to provide a comprehensive and clear study of interaction theory.

Titanium aluminum carbide was prepared employing mechanically activated self-propagating high-temperature synthesis process. The formation mechanism of Ti3AlC2 MAX phase using elemental titanium, aluminum and carbon (graphite) powders synthesized via two different preparation methods, wave propagation and thermal explosion synthesis techniques, were investigated. The combustion reaction products were characterized by differential thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. Although Ti3AlC2 was recognized as the dominant synthesis product, in both techniques, the formation of TiC was also verified as a byproduct. The MAX phase produced in the tubular furnace (thermal explosion mode) was purer than that synthesized in the reaction chamber (wave propagation mode). The results disclosed that the formation of TiC and TiAl compounds have significant roles on the combustion synthesis of Ti3AlC2 MAX phase.

The scientific study of religions commenced with the attempts of the influential scholars of 19th century such as Max MUller. These studies were naturally different from what theologians said about religions.Max MUller can be regarded as one of the founding fathers of the "science of religion", but the science was also indebted to Cornelius Petrus Tiele, whose attempts brought about new outcomes in the studies of religious phenomena.This article surveys the viewpoints of Max MUller. By emphasizing the experimental approach in the study of religion, MUller decided to use comparative method in this field. Max MUller devoted his life to the study of classical Indian religious documents, the comparative study of religious history and myth, and the publication of the religious history of the world. He was an expert Sanskritist and mythologist; but his innovative theories about mythology have not been accepted by other scholars working on religions. Nevertheless, his scientific and experimental standpoints about myths and the origin of religion drew the attention of scholars for many years. His theory about origination of Hinduism from myth, particularly his solar mythology, was strongly criticized by many scholars.