Whitening as one of the stages in rice processing is performed following dehusking. Studies on performance of Milling machines prevailent in Mazandaran province, as the biggest rice producer province in Iran, are essential and helpful in reducing rice losses. A research was undertaken to examine the effects of variety (Tarom, Hibrid, and Fajr), Milling machine (frictional and abrasive baed Milling machines) as well as Milling time duration (25, 35, 45, 55, 65 and 75 seconds) on some such rice qualitative, and quantitative parameters as broken rice, degree of Milling, as well as whiteness index. Statistical design was a randomized complete block design one 36 treatments and in three replications. Results indicated that increasing Milling duration increased the degree of rice whitening up to 53.39 %due to a more stay time of brown rice in the Milling chamber. Among the treatments, Hibrid and Fajr varieties devoted the highest and the lowest degree of Milling to themselves, respectively. Based on statistical analysis, Tarom variety scored the highest whiteness index of 0.360, whereas Hibrid variety showed the lowest one namely 0.247. Results indicated that Milling machine type, rice variety and Milling time duration as well as interaction effect of Milling machine type and rice variety exert significant effects on all parameters studied. Amount of broken rice for Fajr variety and for the two types of Milling machines was found to be equal, whereas, that figure for Tarom variety was almost 10.23% lower for abrasive type machine as compared with the frictional one.

Background and Aim: One of the main reasons for the failure of metal-ceramic restorations is insufficient bond strength between porcelain and metal, which depends on various factors, including the manufacturing method. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of manufacturing method on bond strength of porcelain to titanium substructure made by EBM or Milling method. Materials and methods: In this in-vitro study two groups comprised of twenty metal bars each were prepared with EBM or Milling method. first a resin bar was molded into standard ISO: 9693 dimensions of 25 mm × 3 mm × 0. 5 mm. then it scanned and Ten bars from each group were manufactured using Milling device from titanium disks or from an EBM device from Ti-6Al-4Va titanium alloy. bars were sandblasted with 110 μ, m aluminum oxide particles and were impregnated with bonding agent before the application of 1/1 mm of porcelain onto 8 mm × 3 mm rectangular area in the center of each bar porcelain. Afterwards, bond strengths of the samples were assessed using 3-point bending test with a Universal Testing Machine. Statistical analysis was performed using T-test and a significant level of 0. 05 was considered Results: The mean bond strength of EBM group (34. 36±, 3. 67MPa) was lower than Milling group (46. 52±, 4. 34 MPa) and there was statistically significant difference between groups (p-value<0. 001). Conclusion: Bond strength of EBM-manufactured samples were lower than milled group while both groups exceed the minimum requirement of bond strength for metal-ceramic restoration according to ISO9693.

Nano fillers are part of new studies to enhance various properties of fluids and solids. For example, adding nanoparticles as an enforcement in nanocomposites or as an additive to improve thermal or electrical properties in nano-fluids are of extreme importance in science and industry. There are numerous methods to uniformly disperse nanoparticles in fluid and solid phase. One of the well-used techniques is utilizing ball mills. Milling method is treated widely to uniformly disperse Carbon Nano Tubes (CNTs) in solid or fluid state materials. However, the issue is that this method abolishes some part of CNTs' structure. As a result, this defect adversely decreases the improvement of designated properties. In this research, two methods of Milling conditions have been analyzed to find out their impacts on CNTs' structure. The first method is Milling Multi-Wall Carbon Nano Tubes (MWCNTs) in ambient temperature. On the other hand, in the second method the temperature dwindled to-196° C by Retsch new generation ball mills (Cryo-mill). This apparatus flows liquid nitrogen (LN2) around the shaking jar and decreases the temperature as low as-196° C. To analyze the impact of these methods of Milling on MWCNTs, Field Emission Gun-Scanning Electron Microscopy micrograph, X-Ray Diffraction, Raman Spectroscopy, and Thermo Gravimetric Analysis are scrutinized on MWCNTs’ structure. In conclusion, all the aforementioned experiments provide sufficient support to implicitly convince that cryo-Milling method has less defective impact on initial MWCNTs.

In the present study, Mg–20 vol% SiC nanocomposite powders were produced by mechanical Milling. The effect of Milling time on the microstructural characteristics of nanocomposite powders during mechanical Milling was investigated. The structural evolution during Milling was monitored using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), X-ray mapping and X-ray diffraction methods.  Crystallite size and lattice strain of nanocomposite powders were estimated from the broadening of XRD peaks by Williamson-Hall equation. The results indicated that no intermetallic phases have been synthesized during ball Milling; also X-ray map’s results exhibited a uniform distribution of reinforcement particles in magnesium matrix without any agglomeration. With all this taken into account, it can be demonstrated that mechanical Milling can be used for producing Mg nanocomposite with 20 percent SiC particles. In spite of all that, the observation of Fe impurity in EDS results can be a weak point of mechanical alloying rout for fabricating Mg- 20% SiC nanocomposite.

This research investigates the effect of feed rate, cutting speed, and orientation of fabric layers on Milling forces in high-speed Milling of bidirectional C/C composite using the Al2O3 grinding tool in order to decrease the machining time and increase the tool life based on the response surface method (RSM). For this reason, the above-mentioned parameters were assumed as the input parameters which their effects were investigated on the machining forces (using a Milling dynamometer) and tool wear using the central composite design of RSM. Two quadratic models were developed to predict normal and tangential forces in high-speed Milling of bidirectional C/C composite. The developed models were then evaluated using three experiments. The results also showed that the orientation of the composite layers has the greatest effect on the Milling forces and tool wear after which the tool cutting speed and feed rate respectively. The lowest Milling forces were observed at the orientation of (0°, 90°), a feed rate of 0. 5 m/min, and the cutting speed of 4521. 6 m/min.

A deeper understanding of the Milling operation of ball mills helps mineral processing engineers to control and optimize them, and therefore, reduce their consuming power. In this work, the Milling operation of ball mills is investigated using two methods, i. e. DEM and combined DEM-SPH. First, a pilot scale ball mill with no lifter is simulated by both methods. Then another pilot scale ball mill with eight rectangle lifters is simulated again by both methods. The effects of lifters on ball shoulder and toe points as well as on creation of cascading and cataracting movements for balls are studied by both methods. At the present time, there is not enough measured data available for dense slurries interacting with the coarse particulates available in the public domain that can be used adequately to validate these types of predictions. The results obtained indicated that fluid slurry in the mill lowered the charge shoulder by about 28 cm and 25 cm in the no-lifter and eight-lifter cases, respectively. However, it raised the charge toe by about 36 cm and 6 cm in the no-lifter and eight-lifter cases, respectively.