Death is the most important event in the life of every person and it is regarded as an intellectual and spiritual riddle of human beings. To mystics, death, this unavoidable revolution, has two types and each has its significance. One is obligatory death and another optional. In the first type, they not only regard death as the beginning of a new life but also consider it as the finality of pains and sorrows of this world and as achieving idealistic world.In the second type, the mystic persons consider optional death as opposition with ego and make it obedient and it is the basic duty of follower. Breaking the chain of dependencies and killing passions and release from pleasures of lusts and being free from selfishness and prides are regarded as optional death.Among mystics, Molana, in the field of death (obligatory and optional), has a deeper view and has paid more attention to it.Therefore, this paper investigates the meaning and dimensions of this subject by relying on his works.

Gender dysphoria (GD) is described as a distressing and persistent confl, ict between one’, s at-birth-assigned sex and gender identity. Treatments used for transsexuals are composed of a set of psychiatric assessments, as well as hormonal and surgical procedures, resulting in changes in physical appearance and the function of sexual organs for facilitating the transition to the opposite sex (1). GD is a society and culture-related issue. It is required to take the approval of the Court (e. g., Italy) or the Health Ministry (e. g., Sweden) in some countries, and gender surgery is not allowed in most Islamic countries (2). In Iran, sex reassignment surgery (SRS) has been accepted religiously for transgender people since 1987 (3). . .

Considering the individual and social aspects of man’ s life, Islam sees acquisition of a deceased’ s property not only permitted but also recommended and has legalized it through enacting the laws of “ inheritance” and “ testament” . According to the viewpoints of most Muslim jurists from different schools of thought, making a will is not obligatory though it is highly recommended. Today, in the laws of a number of Islamic countries making a will is considered obligatory in certain cases. In this study, through analyzing Qur’ anic and traditional propositions related to the concept of obligatory will, the views of Muslim scholars will be examined. It seems that “ obligatory will” is sometimes proper and according to justice. In the laws of the Islamic Republic of Iran the institution of “ will” still needs to be more thoroughly discussed. This work concludes that there is adequate religious evidence proving the existence of grounds for legalizing this institution and including it among other rules of the Islamic countries.

The aim of this study is to determine the type of empty category in Persian obligatory control construction with subjunctive complement. Regarding this subject, three hypotheses are proposed. Based on the first hypothesis, subjunctives in control environments are nonfinite because they involve a defective T, and null subject is PRO. The second hypothesis maintains the finiteness of the subjunctive and assumes that obligatory control can be established with pro. The third hypothesis maintains both the finiteness of the subjunctive and the strict association between control and PRO. In this article, providing some evidences, we show subjunctive complements are finite and reject the first hypothesis. Then it is shown that in contrast with the second hypothesis, null subject is different from pro. Consequently supporting the third approach, null subject is treated as PRO allowing local control, sloppy and De-se reading.

Introduction: Many infections of the oral cavity and adjacent structures involve anaerobic bacteria. Most infections involve multiple anaerobes and in many instances facultative organisms. Present study was conducted regarding to clinical aspects and complications of anaerobic bacterial infections in oral cavity.Materials and Methods: 72 Specimens were taken from oral cavity infections. Routine culture techniques and strict anaerobic techniques were used for isolation and identification of aerobic, facultative and obligatory anaerobic bacteria respectively. Results: Cultures of all specimens were positive. Mono-bacterial and poly bacterial infections were repored in 1/3 and 2/3 of specimens, respectively. More than 65% of isolated organisms, were obligatory anaerobic belonging to the Peptostreptococcus, Prevotella, Fusobacterium, Porphyromonas and Bacteriodes as well as facultative and aerobic species include Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, interobacteriacea and Actinomcs Israelii are also obtained. Conclusion: Many infections of the oral cavity and adjacent structures involve obligatory anaerobic bacteria. Regarding to results of present study, under the anaerobic atmospheric system, obligatory anaerobic bacteria were isolated and identified from clinical specimens of oral cavity infections, especially abscesses.

The inference of jurisprudential rulings is directly related to the manner in which their arguments are implied. Among the various meanings, obligatory signification is of great importance, which should not be neglected. There are various obligatory implications for discovering the rules of Sharia, some of which have received less attention. The present article seeks to answer the question with a descriptive and analytical method, what specific position can be assigned to the issues related to this meaning in the discussion of the arguments and Hajj of Sharia? For this purpose, first, the cases of obligatory implications effective in inferring the jurisprudential ruling, such as obligatory implications between specific meanings such as concepts, expressive meanings such as some contextual and non-implicit implications such as the opposite of propositions, have been fully investigated along with jurisprudential examples. A new divisional proposal, the place of the design of these issues, is shown in the middle of the discussion of Sharia Hajj.

Explaining some Islamic theological opinions gives rise to the subject of Obligatory Preliminary (Moghadamaye Vajib) to enter into Usul Fiqh in 5th century. Jurists with resort to legal opinions in earlier centuries try to analyze legal propositions which is consisted of Obligations and their Preliminaries and Prerequisites. The result of this analysis was distinction between various kinds of preliminaries and matters like "prerequisite" and "Cause". Despite the fact that different ideas about Moghadamaye Vajib existed among jurists, both Sunni and Imami, development of this matter is owed to Imami scholars efforts. This development was to the extent that its application in Fiqh caused doubt and some considered it as a useless subject. This essay with a historical method, attemmts to regulate the development of this matter in Islamic Jurisprudence. Finally, some legal opinions in earlier, middle and recent period is chosen to illustrate the application of this matter in analyzing personal and social problems in Fiqh.

Prayer (Ṣalāt) is one of the pillars of Islam. This research aims to introduce prayer in Judaism and Islam, compare them, and articulate the similarities and differences. A descriptive-inductive method was employed, examining the Torah texts related to the features of prayer in Judaism. Furthermore, contemporary practices of prayer among Jews were collected and compared with the features of prayer in Islam. The findings show that prayer in Judaism does not derive its legitimacy from the Holy Scriptures but has undergone changes over time and remains subject to further modification. Also, the form of prayer in Judaism differs from that in Islam; Islam's prayer includes standing (Qīyām), bowing (Rukūʻ), prostration (Sujūd), ritual purity (Ṭahārah), and a direction of prayer (Qiblah), while Judaism has no fixed form. Although bowing is more common among Jews, it is entirely optional, and a condition like ritual purity before prayer, which is essential in Islam, does not exist in Judaism.

This article deals with the impact of critical notion of Shahib Al-Orweh plus high position of the scholars of Shiite jurisprudence in the course of time. It also clarified the first appearance and the process of growth and explanation of this issue. The votes of Sahib Al-Orweh has left great impact in this domain.