Introduction: Sex steroids have multiple roles in regulating of body lipid metabolism. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of orchidectomy and administration of testosterone and estradiol on lipid profile in male rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 40 male rats were divided into groups of 5 animals in each: control, orchidectomized, testosterone or estradiol receiving, orchidectomized testosterone receiving, estradiol receiving, orchidectomized estradiol receiving, sham and olive oil receiving rats. Testosterone enanthate (10μ g/kg/day) and estradiol valerate (2μ g/kg/day) were injected intraperitoneally. After 7 weeks, blood samples were obtained and serum levels of lipid profile were measured using spectrophotometry method. Data were analyzed using SPSS19 software and ANOVA. Results: Serum level of triglyceride and VLDL significantly decreased in orchidectomized group compared to the control group (P<0. 01). Serum LDL and HDL levels were not significantly changed in all groups compared with the control group. Compared to the control group, there was a significant decrease in serum cholesterol levels in orchiectomized (P<0. 01), testosterone receiving (P<0. 001), estradiol receiving orchiectomized (P<0. 01), testosterone receiving orchidectomized (P <0. 01) groups. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that orchidectomy and decreased testosterone results in rapid decrease in cholesterol levels; however, testosterone or estradiol administration did not revert the cholesterol levels to its normal levels. Administration of testosterone causes decreased TG and VLDL levels, but did not significantly change lipid profile.

Unilateral orchidectomy (UO) is required when further breeding potential is important. It is sometimes necessary to remove a single testis in a matured stallion for therapeutic reasons. In this study, twelve donkeys were used to evaluate three techniques of unilateral castration, histological and morphological changes on the remaining testis. Results of the study showed that each of the surgical techniques used had its advantages and disadvantages in comparison with the other two techniques. Therefore the selection among the three techniques depends on the surgeon preferences and the environment in which the unilateral orchidectomy is performed. The volume of the remaining testis recorded at the end of the study was significantly greater than that estimated at the start of the study (p<0.05). The percentage of sperm motility obtained from the remaining testis was significantly decreased (p<0.05). Histological examination of the testis in open surgery (group I) (where the scrotum was left opened) revealed severe hemorrhages, edema and fibrosis. The testis showed degenerative changes in the seminiferous tubules and interstitial orchitis. Histological examination of the testes removed using a closed technique, (in groups II and III) where the scrotum wound was sutured, revealed hyperplasia of spermatogenic series and Leydig cells. In conclusion, unilateral orchidectomy had compensatory effects on the weight and volume of remaining testis. Adverse effects on sperm motility and viability can affect the fertility of the animal.

Background: Serum insulin variations are occasionally observed in patients suffering infertility or gonad failure. The main purpose of the present study was to clarify the effects of gonadectomy and sex steroid hormone replacement on serum insulin level in rats. Materials and Methods: Male rats were divided into control, orchidectomized, and testosterone receiving orchidectomized animals. Female rats were also divided into control, ovariectomized, progesterone or estradiol receiving ovariectomized animals. Testosterone (50mg/kg/day) or progesterone (20 mg/kg/day) and estradiol (200μg/kg/ day) were injected intraperitineally or subcutaneously, respectively. The period of 4 weeks was considered for each experiment. After 4 weeks, serum insulin was measured and compared statistically between the groups (ANOVA).Results: In male rats, orchidectomy caused to decreasing (p<0.001) but testosterone replacement resulted in increasing of serum insulin level (p<0.01). In female rats, ovariectomy caused to decreasing of serum insulin (p<0.001) and estradiol replacement prohibited but progesterone replacement could not prohibit the decreasing of insulin secretion after ovariectomy (p<0.001). Conclusion: our findings indicated that sex steroid hormones play a pivotal role in insulin secretion. Therefore, in patients suffering infertility or gonad failure caused by gonadal hormones disorders, insulin pathophysiology should be considered clinically.

Primary paratesticular tumours are rare, and only account for 7% to 10% of all intrascrotal tumours. In adults, more than 75% of these lesions arise from the spermatic cord, and 20% being leiomyosarcoma. In this study we present a rare case of primary paratesticular leiomyosarcoma in a 68 years-old man presenting with a right painless scrotal mass. Scrotal ultrasound showed a solid heterogenic lesion. Tumor markers such as alpha-fetoprotein, lactate dehydrogenase and beta-human chorionic gonadotropin were normal. A right radical orchidectomy confirmed Primary paratrsticular leiomyosarcoma.

Introduction: Laparoscopy has been widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of impalpable testises. This study was done to report the first experience the use of laparoscopy in impalpable testises in the mashhad university of medical sciences (MUMS).Material and method: during 6 years, 43 patients with UDT were treated. In those were no evidence of existence of gonad in physical examination and ultrasonography, laparoscopy was done by the 5mm(0deg) lens. Position of testis, complications of operation and duration of admission in hospital was recorded.Results: In the 13 patients from 43 patients (30.23%) testise was not palpable in the inguinal canal. Also ultrasonography didn't detect the existence of testis, Therfore, laparoscopy was used. Average age of patients was 11.88±8.38 years. In 3 patients small remnant of testis was seen. Two patients had no testis. In 8 patients, normal gonads were seen that the treatment was done. No severe or mild complication was seen. All of the patients except on were discharged 24 hours after operation.Conclusion: Our study showed that laparoscopy is a benefit and safe instrument for correct diagnosis in impalpable testises and in some situation prevents from a unnecessary exploration of inguinal region and laparotomy. Also in patients that previous exploration was not benefit for them causes a correct diagnosis.

Since bucks are raised mainly for meat, there is a need for castration to optimize meat production. In this study, we conducted a comparative evaluation of the serum biochemical profiles of red Sokoto bucks following Burdizzo castration, in situ spermatic cord ligation, and orchidectomy. Sixteen red Sokoto bucks aged 6 months to 1 year old and 11-12 kg body weight were used for this study. The bucks were randomly divided into 4 groups of 4 bucks each as follows; group A (Burdizzo), B (in situ spermatic cord ligation), C (orchidectomy), and D (control). Blood was collected pre-castration, and at immediate, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 32, 48, and 72 hours post-castration (HPC) into labeled tubes without anticoagulant, serum was harvested and used for serum biochemical analyses. The outcomes showed non-significant changes in total protein, sodium, chloride, calcium, and potassium levels in all groups of bucks. Glucose levels were significantly increased at immediate PC in groups A, B, and C, followed by a decline from 4 HPC to normal values by 16 HPC (group B) and 20 HPC (group A). The serum creatinine levels increased significantly at immediate PC, peaked at 20 HPC, and declined from 24 HPC. The blood urea nitrogen level increased significantly from immediate PC up to 72 HPC. The activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and malondialdehyde levels increased significantly from 4 HPC, peaked at 16 to 20 HPC, and decreased from 24 to 72 HPC. There were less severe serum biochemical changes by Burdizzo castration and in situ spermatic cord ligation compared to orchidectomy in the red Sokoto bucks.

Introduction: Undescended testes is seen in 3.4% male neonates and 20% of these testes are nonpalpable. This study was done to evaluate the diagnositic and therapeutic effects of laparoscopy in children and young adults nonpapable testes.Material and Methods: This descriptive study was done in Urology Department of Ghaem Hospital. 15 patients aged 9 months to 31 years and 19 Testes were studied. Through a 5 or 10mm incision above umbilicus, 5 or 10 mm Hasson trocar was inserted under vision. 5 or 10 mm telescope was used to see whether the testis was present or not. If not, the operation was ended. Otherwise, the process followed by standard orchidopexy or laparoscopic orchidopexy or laparoscopic orchidectomy. Results: 2 cases did not have testis (19 & 3 years), 9 cases had unilateral NPT (7 rights, 2 left); three bilateral, and the last one, a case of testicular feminization with karyotype of 46 XY and chief complaint of amenorrhea. 4 cases had standard orchidopexy and in the last three, one stage laparoscopic orchidopexy was done. In the testicular feminization case laparoscopic orchidectomy. All testes brought into the subdartus fascia, they remaind in the scrotume without athrophy.Conclusion: Laparoscopy is the best tool for diagnosis of non palpable testis. Laparoscopic orchidectomy is also the choice treatment for testicular feminization. Laparoscopic orchidopexy is feasible and can be a duplicate of open orchidopexy.

Background & Aim: Various studies indicate that gonadal hormones exert modulatory effects on pain threshold. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of testosterone in the response by male rats to thermal nociceptive stimulation.Materials and Methods: 7 week old albino (Wistar) rats were randomly divided into control, sham and orchidectomised groups. Thermal pain threshold was measured through tail immersion test (55°C water bath). The pain threshold was measured as the time required eliciting a flick of the tail which called analgesia time. Serum testosterone and prolactin level was also measured.Results: Serum testosterone level as well as analgesia time were not significantly changed 10 days after orchidectomy; however, decreased 20 or 40 days after orchidectomy compared with control male rats (p<0.01). Serum prolactin level was not significantly changed 10 or 20 days after orchidectomy; however, was decreased 40 days after operation compared with 20 days after orchidectomy (p<0.01).Conclusion: Our findings clearly indicate that depletion of testostrerone 20 or 40 days after orchidectomy modulates the pain-induced behavioral responses related to thermal nociception in male animals.

Background and aims: This study investigated the effects of gonadal removal in male and female rats on changes in serum biochemical parameters. Methods: Twenty-eight adult male and female rats were divided into four groups of 7 animals for a period of 9 weeks. The first and second groups of intact male and female rats, as well as the third and fourth groups of male and female rats, were gonadectomized, respectively. At the end of the ninth week of the study, the rats were anesthetized with chloroform, and the amount of glucose, some lipid parameters in serum, and the activity of a number of serum enzymes were measured after taking blood from the heart. Results: Alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels were higher in intact male rats than in intact female rats, respectively (P=0. 03, P=0. 015). The amounts of glucose and cholesterol of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in intact female rats were higher than in the ovariectomized rats, respectively (P=0. 07, P=0. 039, P=0. 03). The amount of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in spayed female rats demonstrated a significant increase compared to other groups (P=0. 001). However, there was a significant decrease in calcium levels in gonadectomized rat groups in comparison to intact female rats (P=0. 02). Finally, a significant increase was found in phosphorous levels in the intact male rats group compared to other groups (P=0. 002). Conclusion: Decreased sex hormones in gonadectomized rats compared with intact rats could lead to increased serum levels of LDH, ALP, and LDL cholesterol that may result in the development of metabolic and atherogenesis syndromes and acute liver failure.

Background: Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists may cause chemical castration in males by suppressing the pituitary-gonadal axis, hence reducing testosterone level. There are limited data on the effects of degarelix, a newer series of potent and long acting GnRH antagonist on bone. Objectives: The current study aimed at determining the effects of degarelix on bone turnover, bone densitometry, and bone mechanical strength in male rats. Methods: Eighteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham (SHAM), orchidectomized (ORX), and degarelixinduced (DGX) groups. Chemical castration was performed by subcutaneous degarelix injection (2 mg/kg) at the scapular region. The rats were scanned for baseline bone mineral area (BMA), bone mineral content (BMC), and bone mineral density (BMD) using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Following six weeks of experimental period, BMA, BMC, and BMD were measured again with DXA and blood was collected for testosterone and bone biomarkers (osteocalcin and C-terminal of type I collagen crosslink (CTX-1)) measurements. The rats were euthanized and femora were dissected for bone biomechanical strength analysis. Results: Bilateral orchidectomyanddegarelix administration significantly loweredserumtestosterone level, decreased wholebody BMC, femoral BMA, femoral BMC, and femoralBMD(P< 0. 05) compared with theSHAMgroup. However, nosignificant changes were observed in bone biochemical markers and bone mechanical strength in all experimental groups. Conclusions: In conclusion, degarelix administration had comparable effects on bone as bilateral orchidectomy. Administration of degarelix provides an alternative method of inducing testosterone deficient-osteopenia in male rats without need for removing the testes.