Antonin Artaud was a revolting artist who criticized strongly his contemporary society. He tried to uproot the thought systems of the old European and French culture. In the introduction of Theâtre et son double he represents to us his age as the age of "confusion" who sees this issue as a fundamental gap between the things, sayings, ideas and signs that represent them. Throughout this work he shows his deep disbelief in Latin and Western culture which was built in utter need in using words for obvious and clear expression of ideas, because in his view, determined ideas through words are useless and idle which spontaneously disrupts and ruins the thought. In preference to Western culture by words Antonin Artaud is inclined to Eastern culture by signs and gestures which translates ideas ambiguously.This article intends to take into consideration the strong points of ritual and magical Eastern theatre which have inspired this greatest modern theatre theorist. Meanwhile the article tries to illuminate our understanding of complex and abstract notions of Antonin Artaud doctrine through simple and palpable examples.

The present paper examines the schools of thoughts of two poets and researchers from two different cultural geographies. In contrast with Molana, impressed by occidental school of thoughts, J. Salomé is a researcher with a different approach. The literary adaption of the anecdote "The Merchant and the parrot" from Masnavî by Salomé entitled "The tale of an infatuated man" denotes this belief that despite differences in their visions, they have commonpoints. To illustrate the point in occidental contemplative doctrine, metaphysical concepts have minute importance in contrast to the privilege of the same concepts in the beliefs of ORIENTAL mysticism and philosophy (not merely Iran). The influence of British philosophers on mainstream thinking, especially on French philosophy, resulted in positivism. Empiricism and observationhave been considered as the pillars of allegations and contemplative analyses. Focusing on the role of their common educational backgrounds and applying a comprehensive research on the ideas of Salomé and Molana, this research attempts to analyze the effect of one of the main elements of literary theosophy on western literature, and finally conclude that it has played a crucial role in recognizing the powerful culture and rich literature of Iran in western societies, endorseing the fact that Iranian Sufist and didactic literature has been exploited from a cultural standpoint.

Physicians have been familiar with leishmaniosis for thousands of years. This disease could present in several different forms, one of which is cutaneous leishmaniosis. This type has been named as Rish-e-Balkhi (Balkh Wound) in Iranian traditional medicine texts. In this paper the description of the disease, its diagnostic methods and various treatment modalities are investigated in the light of relevant traditional medical texts.

Barthelemy d'Herbelot de Molainville was a French ORIENTAList. He had a great impact on the development of ORIENTALism in France and also he was the author of “BibliothEque ORIENTALe = ORIENTAL Library” which was, for a while, the only reference book for western ORIENTALists. However, it was influenced by some political events such as the Ottomans attack to Europe. The author was related to the courts of Florence and Paris and also supported by the politicians like Jean- Baptiste Colbert. He was also teaching in Royal College (later college de France).So, the book was written with superficial approaches and political aims. Despite the important position of Herbelot in ORIENTAL studies and related fields, today, his character and book ORIENTAL Library is not well known for the ORIENTALists and especially for Iranian studies researchers. Therefore, this paper tries to reflect a clear picture of his character and position in ORIENTALism. Giving a short biography, short description of his life, the way of writing ORIENTAL Library, the methods and approaches of its author and the influence of the book on western scholars and ORIENTALists will be discussed in the present paper.

Characterization of genetic diversity has long been a major goal in tobacco breeding programs. In this research, the genetic diversity of tobacco germplasm including 90 ORIENTAL and semi ORIENTAL tobacco genotypes was investigated using simple sequence repeat markers. Herein, 26 microsatellite primer pairs out of 278 microsatellite primer pairs were able to clarify existence polymorphism in individuals DNA. Results of fingerprinting of genotypes using 26 microsatellite primer pairs revealed 67 alleles. The mean number of alleles per locus (na) and the effective allele number (ne) were 2.481 and 2.159 respectively. The expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.326 to 0.662 with an average of 0.512. Based on Jaccard's similarity coefficient, similarity values among genotypes were varied among 0.04 to 0.78 which imply the existence of genetic diversity in studied germplasm. Classification of tobacco germplasm via UPGMA clustering algorithm distinguished it into 4 separate groups. Results of cluster analysis manifested that the resultant classification did not accompany with the geographical distribution of genotypes.

Potato virus Y (PVY) as one of the serious diseases on tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), reduces leaf yield and its quality. Use of resistant genotypes is being considered as the most effective, economical and a safe way to reduce damages of the virus. In the present study, the response of 90 ORIENTAL and semiORIENTAL tobacco genotypes was evaluated against PVY using randomized complete block design with three replications under controlled conditions. Each replicate consisted of 6 seedlings. The leaves of each genotype were inoculated mechanically via rubbing method at 4-6 leaf stage with PVY. Four weeks following inoculation, the studied genotypes showed different severity symptoms associated with PVY. ELISA assay were applied on the inoculated plants by the indirect method using the polyc lonal antibody specific to PVY.Optical density value of each infected sample was read at 405 nm using an ELISA reader.Analysis of variance on ELISA data showed significant differences among genotypes for concentration of PVY. Results revealed that ' Erzeogovina' genotype with OD=0.68881 contained the highest virus concentration whereas the ' KB101' genotype with OD=0.0005 contained the lowest virus concentration. The differed reactions of genotypes to PVY virus encourage the use of resistance genetic resource for the reduction of disease damages.

Eichhornia crassipes is one of the world’ s most invasive aquatic weed which in recent years has been considered as a serious threat to most northern Iranian wetlands. The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of compost and vermicompost of this plant as a growing media for lily flower. First, compost and vermicompost were made of water hyacinth. The experiment was a completely randomized design with nine treatments including peat 50% + perlite 50% (control treatment) and 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% compost and vermicompost. Most of cultivars had significant effect on most traits. The highest plant height and number of open buds were produced in peat + perlite. The highest number of bulblet was in 25% compost. The maximum amount of chlorophyll b was in the 25 or 100% compost. The highest air root was found in 100% vermicompost. The concentration of phosphorus in Peat + perlite was maximal. The lowest concentration of potassium was observed in 75% and 100% vermicompost. The highest concentration of calcium was in Peat + perlite, which had no significant difference with 25 and 75% compost. According to the results, Eichhornia crassipes compost and lower vermicompost percentage could be a substitute for peat in lilium plant.

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabaccum) is one of the valuable agricultural and industrial crops that there is little information about its variation. For studying genetic variation on the basis of morphological characteristics, a number of 100 exotic and endemic ORIENTAL tobacco genotypes were obtained from the germplasm collection of the Urmia Tobacco Research Center, Urmia, Iran, using simple lattice design with 2 replications. Eight traits include: stem height and diameter, leaf number per plot, leaf length and width, fresh and dry leaf weight and day to 50% flowering were examined. Principal component analysis could reduce the studied morphological traits to 5 components having 96% accumulative variance. In the first component, all traits (except stem height) showed positive significant correlations with. Cluster analysis using UPGMA method distinguished genotypes in 4 different groups. Maximum distance was between groups 1 and 4. Mean comparison revealed that genotypes (Trimph and Ohdaruma) belong to group 4 had the maximum value of most examined traits, therefore, they could be utilized as parents of crosses in breeding programs.

Introduction Lily, a member of the genus Lilium, belonging to the Liliaceae family is one of the most important commercial pot and cut flower species and one of the three major bulb crops in the commercial market because of its large, colorful and fascinating flowers. Lily hybrids are the most economically important plants with varied flowers. Hybrid Eastern lily (Lilium ORIENTAL hybrid ‘Casablanca’) is a perennial bulbous plant that its propagation by bulb in natural condition is time-consuming, so produces 1–2 bulblets per bulb scale in one years’ time which is not sufficient for large scale cultivation of this plant. One of the most important and best methods for vegetative propagation and breeding of lilies is in vitro bulb scale culture. In vitro adventitious bud regeneration from scales of Lilium rely on many factors like cytokinin and auxin concentrations such as BA and NAA. The successful use of tissue culture techniques for rapid propagation of some species of the genus Lilium including L. ledebourii, L. ORIENTALis, L. longiflorum, L. japonicum, L. speciosum, L. concolor, L. nepalense, L. regale, L. ORIENTAL hybrid, L. Asiatic hybrid has been reported. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of BA and NAA on in vitro proliferation of Lilium ORIENTAL hybrid ‘Casablanca’ using bulb scale as explant to establish a suitable protocol. Materials and Methods Effect of various concentrations of 6-benzyle adenine (BA,0, 0. 5, 1 and 2 mg l–1) and ɑ-naphtaleneacetic acid (NAA,0, 0. 1, 0. 2 and 0. 4 mg l–1) were evaluated on in vitro proliferation of L. ‘ORIENTAL’. Bulb scale as explant and MS basal medium as culture medium were used. Activated charcoal was applied to inhibit the browning of the culture medium and explant. The experiments were conducted in completely randomized design (CRD). The 16 treatments were applied, each treatment had 4 replications and each replication had 4 individuals. Therefore, in these experiments, a total of 192 bulbs were used. Traits including total plantlets fresh weight, leaf length, leaf number, bulblet weight, bulblet diameter, bulblet number, survival percentage, root length and root number related to in vitro proliferation were measured. All the statistical analyses were done by using SAS and Tukey’s test. Arcsin software was used for changing percent data. Results and Discussion The interaction effect of BA and NAA was significant for all measured traits. Results showed that the maximum number of bulblet (8. 66) and root (5. 36) were obtained in culture medium enriched with 0. 5 mg l–1 BA together with 0. 4 mg l–1 NAA. Culture media supplemented with 0. 5 mg l–1 BA together with 0. 2 mg l–1 NAA and 1 mg l–1 BA together with 0. 1 mg l–1 NAA with induction of 7. 33 bulblets per explant were suitable media. The largest number of leaf (4. 33) was measured in culture medium containing 1 mg l–1 BA together with 0. 1 mg l–1 NAA. The highest bulblet weight was measured in culture medium supplemented with 1 mg l–1 BA along with 0. 2 mg l–1 NAA. The greatest survival rate (100%) was observed in medium enriched with 0. 5 mg l–1 BA together with 0. 1 mg l–1 NAA. Survival rate (90%) in explants treated with 2 mg l–1 BA along with 0. 4 mg l–1 NAA was high. Obtained results revealed that the presence of both BA and NAA in culture media for enhancement of most traits is necessary and critical. Plantlets were transferred to a growing medium containing cocopeat, peat moss and perlite in identical proportion for acclimatization following proliferation. Approximately, 90% of regenerated plantlets survived and were morphologically similar to the mother stocks. This study will help the producers and breeders for commercial and improvement purposes. The effective role of the simultaneous presence of both auxin and cytokinin in the culture medium in effective organogenesis was shown in the present study. Similar findings were reported for some lilies such as L. ledebourii (Baker) Bioss., L. longiflorum and L. regale. Auxin was effective in stimulating bulb production and growth of the aerial part of the eastern lily, and its presence along with cytokinin is essential for leaf induction. Some studies have reported similar results. The type and optimal concentration of plant growth regulators (PGRs) in the culture medium for suitable in vitro propagation varies in different species. Genetic variations (species type), differences in the amount of endogenous production of PGRs and their interaction with each other are among some reasons for this difference. The proper ratio of auxin and cytokinin in the culture medium is effective for inducing cell division, cell differentiation, organogenesis and finally for achieving a complete plant. Root production with appropriate quantity and quality leads to the suitable survival of seedlings resulting from the growth of cultured explants under in vitro conditions and adapted plants. Current study showed that the presence of both BA and NAA is better than the presence of one of these two PGRs for induction and growth of root. Some similar findings were reported, however in most studies, the presence of auxin as individual PGR has been found to be more suitable for root induction.