No tillage systems can reduce operating costs, enhance soil organic matter, ameliorate soil structure and prevent environmental damage caused by stubble burning. However, the lack of an appropriate direct drill for the hardened soil of arid areas reduces adequate soil-seed contact and, thus, the system has shown contradictory results in past tests. Developing a direct drill to place the seed and fertilizer at different depths, then cover the seed with a layer of fine soil without incorporating stubble into it is the first step in applying the no tillage system in pilot experiments. In this study, an active notched coulter (PTO driven) acting as a circular saw that cuts a groove on the soil surface was installed on a grain drill and was evaluated in hardened soil covered by wheat residue mulch. The active coulter operated at different rotary speeds in the forward and backward directions (with or against the rotation of the tractor wheels). Preliminary experiments showed that the backward rotation of the coulter cut a deeper groove at a given speed and left a relatively clean, empty groove than did the forward rotation, which nearly refilled the groove. A cutting unit, therefore, was designed based on the backward rotation of an active coulter at 580-700 rpm. The coulter cut a 15 mm wide groove to an average depth of 55 mm as it moved forward, throwing the soil forward and upward. This necessitated placement of a mudguard over the coulter to prevent or redirect the upward flow of soil toward the end of the cutting unit. The soil particles thrown off of the end of the mudguard then refill about 20% of groove depth, the amount of soil required to create a layer of soil between the fertilizer and seed. The fertilizer tube was installed immediately behind the coulter (50 mm above the soil surface) before the soil flow partly refilled the groove. The seed pipe was then installed far enough behind the cutting unit along the groove to allow the seeds to be placed on the partially-filled groove. Finally, a fork coverer filled the groove with fine particles of cut soil spread alongside the groove. Evaluation of the procedure showed that the direct drill equipped with such a cutting unit was able to place the fertilizer granules about 20 mm beneath the seeds in a hardened dry soil covered with stubble while cutting less than 10% of the soil surface.

There are many reports for involvement of ATP-sensitive potassium channels in pancreatic, cardiac and vascular smooth muscle cells. This study examined the effect of single doses of K+ channel openers; diazoxide, minoxidil and K+ channel blockers; chlorpropamide, glibenclamide on serum concentration of aldosterone in male rats. Blood samples were obtained 60 minutes after drug treatment and serum aldosterone level was determined by RIA. The basal serum aldosterone was 659.32 ± 71.48 pg/ml and after diazoxide or minoxidil administration increased to 1188.53 ± 99.45 pg/ml and 1392.69 ± 177.83 pg/ml, respectively. Chlorpropamide or glibenclamide treatment did not produce any change in basal serum aldosterone concentration, but in early streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats decreased serum aldosterone level significantly (P<0.001). Pretreatment with glibenclamide blocked aldosterone response to diazoxide but did not affect aldosterone response to exogenous ACTH to the same extent. Effect of diazoxide in insulin-treated rats was approximately similar to that of normal rats. Comparison of blood glucose concentration determined in normal, insulin treated and diabetic rats after different drug administration showed that there is no correlation between blood glucose level and the responses observed in serum hormone concentration. The results indicate that regulatory processes involved in the secretion of aldosterone are responsive to drugs affecting glibenclamide–sensitive K+ channels

One of the ways of confronting lateral forces due to wind or earthquake is using RC shear walls. RC shear wall besides appropriate behavior against lateral forces it causes the plan to be cost-effective. Sometimes because of architectural reasons or implementing facility systems, there is a necessity to use shear wall with opener. In this article we study and investigate the effect of openers' location one the performance of shear wall through finite element method. For this, four walls without opener, wall with opener in the above, down and middle were modeled by ABAQUS software and the results are provided both in diagrams and figures. The results show that by comparing cracking contours in different walls, presence of opener increases the cracking tension in that part. But the tension under the walls is not very different and this could be due to the symmetry in different walls. Generally, it could be said that the best state for energy loss in the wall is seamless implementation and avoiding the creation of opener. Then, by movement of the opener to the wall base, energy loss and plasticity in the wall would be reduced. In other words, energy loss and plasticity in the wall with opener in the above is more than a wall with opener in the middle and wall with opener in the middle has better performance in energy loss with respect to wall with opener in the below. In a wall without opener the most tension and cracking is in the wall foot and this is due to the maximum shear and bending in this part. Also, with comparing pushover diagrams in different walls it is seen that for a special movement, the following walls have the most tolerance, respectively: wall without opener, walls with opener in the above, middle, and below.

The use of cultivation techniques that can properly prepare the seed bed and plant the seeds at an almost uniform depth has become necessary more than ever. In this research, the plane sitting test was used for modeling. In the simulation, the soil was considered as an elastic plastic body with two criteria Mohr-Coulomb and Drucker-Prager and the influence of the tiller as a compressive force. This experiment was implemented using strip plots in the form of a completely randomized block design with four replications in the crop year 1401-1400. The design of the tools was done using SolidWorks software and the modeling was done using Abaqus software. The general purpose of this research was to introduce the best tiller with suitable planting arrangements for direct cultivation machinery in Iran. The results of modeling with Abaqus software showed that the Drucker-Prager behavior model with a correlation coefficient of 0.93% was in better agreement than the Mohr-Coulomb model and the amount of stress and displacement in the layers close to the loading level is greater and moving towards the lower layers. This value decreases. The overall results showed that the cruciferous cultivar has the most optimal type of cultivation arrangement.

ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel openers have a relaxation effect due to the lower cellular membrane potential and inhibit calcium influx. There has been considerable interest in exploring KATP channel openers in the treatment of various diseases such as cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and urinary system disease and premature labor. The purpose of this study was to synthesize 3, 3, 6, 6-tetramethy l-9-aryl-octahydro-1, 8-acridindiones and investigate their effects on vascular potassium channels and mechanism of induced relaxations on phenylephrine-induced contractile responses in isolated rings of rat aortic smooth muscle.In this study, four new derivatives of 3, 3, 6, 6-tetramethy l-9-aryl-octahydro-1, 8-acridindione [2a-d] were synthesized by the reaction of 5, 5-dimethyl-1, 3-cyclohexanedione with an aromatic aldehyde, 2-alkylthio-1- (4-fluorobenzyl) -5-formylimidazole or 3-substituted benzaldehyde, in the presence of ammonia in methanol. Their effects on vascular potassium channels and mechanism of induced relaxations on phenylephrine-induced contractile responses in isolated rat aorta were investigated. Minoxidil was used as a standard potassium channel opener and Glibenclamide was used as a standard potassium channel blocker. The effects of compounds on KCl-induced contractile response which is an indicator of ca-channel blocking activity was also investigated and compared to that of nifedipine as a standard calcium channel blocker.Compounds 3a-d and Minoxidil relaxed the contractions exerted by using phenylephrine with the potency order as follows: Minoxidil>3c>3d>3a>3b. This effect was sensitive to the potassium channel blocker Glibenclamide. It can be concluded that these compounds act via ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels. Selectivity index (SI) for these compounds and Minoxidil also shows that these compounds are selective to ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels and the selectivity of compounds 3a-d is less than Minoxidil.

Purpose: So far there is no effective drug therapy to prevent neuronal loss after brain stroke. In the present study we studied effects of The Mitochondrial K-ATP channel regulators on neuronal cell population and neurological function after ischemia reperfusion in the rat.Materials and Methods: Rats temporarily subjected to four vessels occlusion for 15 minutes followed by 24 hours reperfusion with or without K-ATP channel regulators. Neurological assessment was conducted after 24h reperfusion by consciousness scoring and motor function according to the methods reported by Lemay and Tarloe. After tissue processing and crysel violet staining total and normal cell number was assessed in parietal cortex.Data was analyzed by ANOVA software.Results: The normal cell count of neuronal population significantly increased in the K-ATP channel opener (Diazoxide) treated ischemia-reperfusion group compared with the control group. Cell count and neurological function scores were dependent to dose of K-ATP channel regulators in vivo.Conclusions: Our results showed that Diazoxide treatment leads to better preservation of cortical neurons in rat.

Background- Nicorandil, a novel anti-anginal agent, has been characterized as having potent coronary vasodilator properties. It belongs to the group of potassium channel-opening vasodilators. Nicorandil possesses a dual mechanism of action: a nitrate-like effect, as well as potassium channel-opening properties.This study was designed and performed to evaluate and compare the clinical efficacy and safety of nicorandil versus conventional anti-anginal therapy in Iranian patients with established multivessel coronary artery disease.Patients and methods- A double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial recruited and randomly assigned 50 patients with established multivessel coronary artery disease into two groups (N=25): the first group receiving 10mg nicorandil twice daily plus conventional anti-anginal therapy and the second group taking conventional anti-anginal therapy plus placebo. The total duration of the study for each patient was 12 weeks. A symptom - limited exercise test was performed to evaluate ischemic variables at baseline and then at two consecutive 6-week intervals. Major coronary events as well as adverse drug reactions were recorded initially and in the middle as well as the termination of the study to assess the safety and tolerability of nicorandil.Results- Both groups had comparable baseline values for exercise tests. During treatment, time to the onset of ST-segment depression increased in both groups; however, the difference compared to baseline was only statistically significant in the ; nicorandil group. Exercise time was increased during treatment and follow-up period. Patients improvement in the nicorandil group was obviously much more considerable compared with that in the placebo - conventional therapy group. No patient experienced exacerbation of angina during nicorandil treatment. As for safety and tolerability, the distribution and frequency of adverse events were not significantly different between the groups.Conclusion- Our data suggest that nicorandil improves exercise capacity and can be considered an effective and safe anti-anginal agent as an add-on to conventional therapy in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease.

This study was conducted in the maragheh dryland agricultural research institute to evaluate fertilizer and seed placement at different dephs in soil. To do so kesht gostar deep planter model DD-225, that is suitable for dryland farming, was selected and primary improvements were implemented using sunshine model 500 feed tube and furrow opener. Then the effect of separating fertilizer from seed on wheat yield was studied in a complete randomized block design with 7 treatments and 4 replications. Staiscal sowed significant differences among treatments at 5% confidence level. Ie was established that separating fertilizer from seed, leads to an increase in yield.comparison of mean yield for different treatments, through duncan’s multiple rang test, showed that placing fertilizer 9 cm below the seed has the best result.in order to optimize, further improvements made on the planter. To make sure that soil covers the fertilizer, distance between the tow openers and the shovel opener was replaced with a shoe-type opener. In order to investigate effect of the latest modifications on uniformity of seed placement befoe and after modification was significant at 5% level and modifications resulted improved seed placement uniformity. load-cell measurements of draft force were made before modification of the planter. From the comparison of the two measurements, the force due to the addition of openers was openers was obtained. Utilizing the appropriate forulae, the strength the opener shanks was calculated and found that the shanks have sufficient strength to withstand the soil forces with adequate factor of safety.