Papaya (Carica papaya L) is one of the fruits that is easily found in Asian countries. Papaya has been studied to have good benefits in hyperlipidemia. Papaya contains fiber, vitamins A and C, alkaloids, saponins, and flavonoids which are with antihyperlipidemic properties. The objective of this research was to systematically review studies that have probed into the effect of papaya on triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein in hyperlipidemia. This research was conducted to review the effect of papaya fruit as an anti-hyperlipidemic through searching scientific articles related to the topic. Article searches were conducted through Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science-Direct article databases. The selection of articles in the systematic review according to the inclusion criteria was based on articles published from 2016 to 2021, enrolling animals or patients with hyperlipidemia. The experimental design, main outcomes such as triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C and body weight (BW) were investigated. Totally, three articles were reviewed in full to discuss the effect of papaya fruit as antihyperlipidemia in a systematic review. The systematic review reported that administration of papaya juice could improve lipid profiles. The content of fiber, vitamins A and C and phytochemicals in papaya has the potential of anti-hyperlipidemia by improving lipid profile.

Papaya (Carica papaya) is a highly valued medicinal plant with significant bioactive properties. This research aims to evaluate the processing of papaya leaf tea, assess the impact of different processing methods on the quality of black tea, green tea, and instant tea. Methods: In this study, three types of tea - black tea, green tea, and instant tea - were prepared using papaya leaves. Initially, the bioactive compounds and antioxidant potential of both green and yellow papaya leaves were assessed. Results: Green papaya leaf powder (GLP) exhibited the highest concentrations of phenolic compounds (55.93±0.08 mg GAE/100 g), flavonoids (2192.93 mg QE/100 g), anthocyanins (282.66 mg/100 g), and antioxidant activity (182.86 mg TE/100 g). Green leaf paste (GLPa) and yellow leaf powder (YLP) also demonstrated significant levels of these compounds, while yellow leaf paste (YLPa) showed the lowest concentrations across all measurements. Black tea prepared from green papaya leaves contained the highest levels of phenolics (94.45 mg GAE/100 g), flavonoids (1026.24 mg QE/100 g), anthocyanins (1993.02 mg/100 g), and displayed the strongest DPPH inhibition (26.147%). While there were minor variations in the nutritional composition among the different tea types, they all exhibited similar profiles, with slight differences in ash and carbohydrate content. Sensory evaluation, using a 9-point hedonic scale and 10 panelists, revealed that black tea and green tea brewed for 2 minutes (B2) had the highest color intensity, flavor, taste, and acceptability compared to those brewed for 1 minute (B1) and 5 minutes (B3). Conclusion: These findings suggest that black tea made from green papaya leaves may offer the greatest health benefits due to its higher antioxidant content and activity compared to green tea and instant tea.

Introduction Papaya (Carica papaya) is a tropical tree that leaves, fruits, seeds and roots has many medicinal and edible uses. Choosing the appropriate planting medium is one of the important ways to improve seedling growth of fruit trees. By improving the physical and chemical properties, it causes better absorption of nutrients and improves plant growth. Also, aerial root pruning to produce seedlings with branched and strong root systems is one of the effective factors in growing plants.   Materials and methods To study the effect of different culture media and aerial root pruning on the growth of Papaya (Carica papaya), an experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized statistical design with three replications and two factors of planting media (cocopeat 100%, peat mass 100%, and cocopeat 70% + perlite 30%, peat moss 70% + perlite 30%) and performing or not performing aerial root pruning was implemented in the greenhouse. The seeds were sown in the culture trays containing the desired planting beds, and horizontal cuts were made in the walls of the culture tray cavities to perform aerial pruning of the roots in the desired treatments. Sampling was done 50 days after sowing the seeds and some morphologic, physiologic and biochemical traits include fresh and dry weight of seedlings, root length, seedling height, internode length, node number, leaf area, total chlorophyll, peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase activity were analyzed.   Results and Discussion The results showed that the treatments had a significant effect on the assessed traits so that the highest fresh and dry weight of seedlings (1.69, 0.66 g, respectively), root length (17.66 cm), seedling height (7.92 cm), internode length (8.61 mm) and node number (4.67) were observed in 70% peat moss + 30% perlite and no aerial root pruning. The maximum leaf area (9.14 cm3) and total chlorophyll (1.69 mg g-1 FW) content were obtained in the 100% peat moss planting bed treatment and no aerial root pruning and the 70% peat moss + 30% perlite treatment and root aerial pruning. The highest activity of peroxidase (37.60 U enzyme-1 FW), catalase (7.60 U enzyme-1 FW) and superoxide dismutase (16.08 U enzyme-1 FW) enzymes was also in 100% peat moss treatment and root aerial pruning.   Conclusion In general, the results of this research showed that the combination of two organic and inorganic substrates, peat mass 70% and perlite 30%, showed the best effect on vegetative characteristics and total chlorophyll content in papaya. Also, the highest activity of peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes was observed in 100% peat moss bed. Root aerial pruning also decreased the evaluated growth characteristics and increased the total chlorophyll content and activity of peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes. According to the results, different culture media had different physical and chemical characteristics that can affect plant growth. In this research it is recommended to sowing papaya seeds in 70% peat moss and 30% perlite and not to perform aerial root pruning to produce this product.

In this study, mathematical modeling of hot air-drying of thin-layer papaya (Carica papaya L.) slices with 5±1 mm thickness pretreated in osmotic solution (50% sucrose) was investigated. Thin-layer drying was conducted under three different drying temperatures of 40, 50 and 60oC at a constant air velocity of 0.9±0.1 m/s and absolute humidity of 0.6±0.02 g of water/kg of dry air. It was found that the drying process occurred in falling rate period over the drying time. The osmosis dehydration characteristics obtained by solid gain (SG), water loss (WL) and weight reduction (WR) parameters that increased with increasing immersion time. The effective diffusivity for papaya slices was within the range of 2.13×10-9 to 4.84×10-9 m2/s over the temperature range. The activation energy was 38.63 kJ/mol indicated the effect of temperature on the diffusivity. Based on the statistical analysis using coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE), it was concluded that the best model in terms of fitting performance for hot air-drying of papaya pretreated in osmosis solution in all temperature range was Midilli et al. model.

Background and purpose: Papain, a proteolytic enzyme, is found in the dried and purified latex from the fruits of Carica papaya L. (Caricaceae).Papain is used in medicine as a digestive and in the debridement of necrotic tissues. It is used in pharmaceutics as a spreading agent for drugs, supplied as an ointment (10%) with urea which denatures nonviable protein matter present in lesions. Large amounts of papain are used industrially to tenderize meat.Materials and Methods: In this research, crude latex was collected from Sarbaz region of Sistan-o-Baluchestan province. The full-grown but unriped fruit was subjected to shallow incisions on several sides (depth of incision was important). After collection, the coagulated lumps were shredded and dried by the use of heat (30°C).Extraction and sedimentation procedures were used for extraction of papain. In this method, cystein hydrochloride at adjusted pH was used for extraction and sodium chloride for sedimentation.The extracted papain was identified by the use of electrophoresis method and also by comparing its IR spectrum with the standard papain.Results: The activity of extracted papain was determined by USP procedure. In this research, 1.2 g papain was obtained from 100g latex. Electrophoresis pattern and IR spectrum of extracted papain were identical with the satndard papain.Conclusion: The extracted papain from Iranian Carica papaya (c=1 mg/ml) showed 5800 U/ml activity.

The objective of the current study was to assess the ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Carica papaya's hypoglycemic effects. Yeast glucose uptake, muscle glucose uptake, and glucose adsorption capacity were used to measure the extracts' in vitro hypoglycemic effects. The antioxidant capacity of the extracts was assessed by investigating how they affect lipid peroxidation brought on by iron (II) sulphate and sodium nitroprusside. The findings showed that glucose was absorbed by both the ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Carica papaya, and that this adsorption significantly increased as the concentration of glucose rose. There were no variations in their adsorption capabilities that were statistically significant (p=0.05). The yeast cells were also stimulated to take up glucose by the plant extracts, and this stimulation was influenced by the sample and glucose content. In the study's muscle glucose uptake, the ethanolic extract of Carica papaya leaves showed substantially greater (p=0.05) performance than the methanolic of the same leaves with increasing concentration. The study's findings showed that the plant's methanolic extract was substantially more potent than its ethanolic (p=0.05). In addition, the methanolic extract considerably inhibited the generation of MDA (malondialdehyde) in the liver and brain homogenates more than the ethanolic extract did. Both plant extracts also exhibit dose-dependent inhibition of the various pro-oxidant agents (Iron (II) Sulphate and sodium nitroprusside) caused fatty acid oxidation tissues present in the brain and liver.

The present investigation elucidates the synergistic effects of improvised ecological parameters and ripe papaya (Carica papaya) meal on skin pigmentation, growth performance and survival of Banded gourami, Trichogaster fasciata, under confined environment. A feeding trial of 60 days was done with initial length groups from 6. 6 to 9. 7 cm using five isonitrogenous experimental diets formulated by supplementing graded levels of carotenoids at 1 to 5% and a control without carotenoids. Two ecological parameters temperature and light intensity were elevated using artificial modulators. At the onset of the feeding trial, the total carotenoid concentration in fish muscle in both male (2. 94± 0. 07 μ g. g-1) and female (2. 54± 0. 05 μ g. g-1), respectively, which significantly increased, highest being in male (6. 86± 0. 12 μ g. g-1) and female (5. 96± 0. 07 μ g. g-1) fishes fed with 4% papaya meal. Positive correlation, (0. 98) in male and (0. 97) female was observed between elevated levels of dietary carotenoids and body pigmentation which revealed that incorporation of dietary carotenoids resulted in a significant increase in total carotenoid concentration in chromatophores. Congenial effects were observed on body indices was revealed by positive correlation of weight (0. 79) to elevated levels of carotenoid and 100% survival rate of the fishes. The feeding regimes showed ripe papaya meal as cheap natural colour enhancer source can be safely supplemented at 4% levels in the diets to increase the skin pigmentation and optimum conditioning in optimized captive environment having temperature range of 26-28oC and light intensity 344. 0-346 Lux, without any xenobiotic effect on Banded gourami.

Debaryomyces hanseniZopf isolated from the fructoplane of apples were found to be effective as biocontrol agent against rot of papaya caused by Ulocladium. chartarum(Pr.) Simm. The ability of D. hansenii to prevent infection of U. chartarum was lost when the antagonist cells were killed by autoclaving. Cell free culture filtrates of antagonist were unable to prevent disease incidence. Efficacy of sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, sodium carbonate (0.25%, 0.5% and 1.0%) and calcium chloride (CaCl2 0.25%, 0.5% and 1.0%) solutions alone or in combination with the application of biocontrol agent Debaryomyces hansenii (106 and 109 CFU ml-1) were simultaneously evaluated for the control of Ulocladium rot of papaya. Fresh cells of biocontrol agent proliferated inside the wounds and their survival was not adversely affected by the presence of residues of calcium chloride salt. Sodium carbonate adversely affected the growth of yeast cells in in-vitro and in-vivo experiments. Sodium bicarbonate and calcium chloride also reduced the percent rot but their integration with biocontrol agent enhanced the activity of antagonist at high levels as compared to the single treatments of salts and D. hansenii. The integration of treatments is a promising approach to control the Ulocladium rot of papaya.