Background: In this paper, a novel approach is proposed for the recognition of Persian PHONEMES in the Persian consonant‑ vowel combination (PCVC) speech dataset. Nowadays, deep neural networks (NNs) play a crucial role in classification tasks. However, the best results in speech recognition are not yet as perfect as human recognition rate. Deep learning techniques show outstanding performance over many other classification tasks, such as image classification and document classification. Furthermore, the performance is sometimes better than a human. The reason why automatic speech recognition systems are not as qualified as the human speech recognition system, mostly depends on features of data which are fed to deep NNs. Methods: In this research, first, the sound samples are cut for the exact extraction of phoneme sounds in 50 ms samples. Then, PHONEMES are divided into 30 groups, containing 23 consonants, 6 vowels, and a silence phoneme. Results: The short‑ time Fourier transform is conducted on them, and the results are given to PPNet (a new deep convolutional NN architecture) classifier and a total average of 75. 87% accuracy is reached which is the best result ever compared to other algorithms on separated Persian PHONEMES (like in PCVC speech dataset). Conclusion: This method not only can be used for recognizing mono‑ PHONEMES but it can also be adopted as an input to the selection of the best words in speech transcription.

The only prominent molecular biologist who likened nucleotides to PHONEMES was Fr. Jacob, probably influenced by his interlocutor, Roman Jakobson. Phoneme, unlike sound, is an element of the language system and is defined as a minimal set of distinctive features. Extrapolation of this methodology to the genetic code (GC) leads to a distinction between a nucleotide as a biochemical element and a nucleotide as an intra-system abstract unit. The differences between nucleotides can be represented as two pairs of binary oppositions based on two distinctive features: the number of carbon ring bases (two vs. one); the number of hydrogen bonds:  three (G; C) or two (A, T/U). These are the differential features that can be considered the minimal units of the GC. Their ontology is determined by intra-system encoding and decoding operations. The GC may be represented as a superposition of two coding systems:  (a) quasi-triplet (32 codons can be represented as “doublet + comma” when the third position separates triplets from each other); and (b)semi-triplet - 30 codons are coded according to the principle: “doublet+ purine” or “doublet + pyrimidine.” The proper triplet coding is observed only in two codons encoding tryptophan and methionine when all three positions are relevant. One can find the gradation of coding complexity: quasi-triplet; semi-triplet; proper triplet, and context-dependent triplet (methionine/start-codon).

Brahui dialect of south Roudbar is a common dialect in "Tom-meyri" village, located in south Ruedbar city in Kerman province. This dialect is one of the non-Iranian dialects that is exist in Iran. Most of them live in Sistan and Baluchistan province, but a minority group with fewer than 1, 000 people live in south Ruedbar, And some of them live in Faryab city in southern of Kerman province. This dialect is one of the species of Brahui language, belonging to the Dravidian family. The subject of this article is the descriptive study of phonomes in this dialect and its purpose is to recognize and introduce phoneme system in that. The research area is Tom-meyri. The data of this research have been gathered from different levels of educated and age male and female speakers in the fieldwork and interviews with them. Then, by extracting the PHONEMES and using substitution, their phonological examination, along with numerous examples, is discussed. Each phoneme has been attempted to contrast with the phoneme with the same place and method of production.

In didactic literature like other literary genres, the connection and correlation of sounds letters content are of great significance. The manner of utilizing the PHONEMES in the diction of a work play pivotal role in creating the intended subject and conveying the speaker's purpose. With regards to the sounds, the method of creating meaning and their juxtaposition and PHONEMES which are employed in a special literary genre can enhance the richness of the genre to a considerable degree. Therefore, using various PHONEMES is not the same in different literary genres. In the present study, with focusing on the importance of PHONEMES in language, consonants, vowels and the balance of morphemes are investigated in the diction of didactic literature especially in the works of Hafez, Saadi (the Boostan and the Golestan) and Naser khosro. Moreover, the impact of the employed PHONEMES in conveying the meaning to the audience of didactic literature is studied.

This article deals with a comparative analysis of phonological dissimilarities between two Iranian dialects in the southern borders of the Caspian Sea, e.g. Taleshi in Gilan and Kelardashti in Mazandaran. The differences are classified and analyzed with an emphasis on the Kelardasht’s Rudbarak and Talish’s Alian dialects in two parts of vowel and consonant diversities.

1. Introduction Baluchi language, one of the oldest Iranian languages, is a new northwestlanguage, and its speakers are often dispersed in Sistan-Baluchistan province, and different provinces of Pakistan and Afghanistan and the coastal cities of the Oman Sea. From the point of view of historical linguistics, some similarities can be found among this language and the Avestan and the Parthian languages, but it has also some elements of the ancient Persian language and Middle Persian language. The Bampuri dialect, one of the southern dialects of the Baluchi language, is the common dialect in Bampur, where is located in the central part of Iranshahr, and the dialects of Dalgani, Lashari and Roudbari are itslinguistic neighbors. One of the issues that is important in the classification of languages and dialects is the phonological study and the purpose of the present study is to investigate some Iranian ancient PHONEMES in the Bampuri dialect (a diachronic study), and to compare those PHONEMES in neighboring dialects (a synchronic study). . .

This research has investigated the historical origin of the /l/ and /ɫ / PHONEMES in Kurdish language (central and southern branches) within the phonological system. For this purpose, the historical origin of the /l/ and /ɫ / PHONEMES has been studied along with the historical process of PHONEMES or clusters that change from ancient to modern period in Kurdish. The study begins with the reconstructed forms in Indo-European language, and the process of developments has been studied from Old to Middle Iranian (north-western) with examples. Then, the developments to the new period in Kurdish have been investigated. This research argues the /l/ phoneme in Kurdish in some cases is originated from Indo-European and is continuation of Indo-European *l. It shows that l-in initial context of the word in Kurdish is equal to Indo-European *l-in initial position of the word. Moreover, it indicates the presence of the-ɫ in Kurdish originates from Indo-European *-l-in non-initial context of the word and also the sequence of *t and *d in Indo-European to Old Iranian. It also demonstrates the differences between /l/ and /ɫ / PHONEMES from a historical point of view and their positions in the word.

Sarawani Balochi is one of the dialects of the Balochi language. The aim of this paper is to study and describe some of the historical phonological changes from Old Iranian in this dialect and comparing them with Persian. Moreover, the syllable structure in Sarawani Balochi will be compared with Old, Middle and New Persian. To achieve this goal, PHONEMES were gathered from the speech of Sarawani Balochi speakers and some phonological changes were compared diachronically. Findings show that, for example that the Old Iranian diphthongs have remained in Sarawani Balochi. Also, the preservation of the phoneme /t/ at the end of words is another feature of this dialect. The comparison of syllable structure in Sarawani with Old, Middle and New Persian shows that the (c)cv(c)(c) structure is more similar to Middle Persian than New Persian.