Introduction: Aluminum phosphide is known in our country as Phostoxin tablet. Human contact with Phostoxin tablet can have severe and fatal consequences. The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the group of patients dying due to Phostoxin tablet poisoning with the group that survived despite taking Phostoxin tablet. Methods: This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study was performed on all patients poisoned with Phostoxin tablet in 2018 and 2019. The sampling method was a full census. According to the purpose of the study, T-test, Mann-Whitney, and Chi-square tests were employed in SPSS software version 24 and Graph pad prism version 8. Results: This study included 35 poisoned individuals with a mean age of 31±, 13. 26 (16-82) years. The highest frequency was in the age group of 20-40 years (82. 9%) and 21 women (60%) and 14 men (40%). There was a statistically significant relationship between mortality rate with drug use, length of hospital stay, blood pressure, number of breaths, level of consciousness, abdominal pain (P<0. 05). Meanwhile, the mean level of ALT and AST liver enzymes and blood pressure in the two groups of dead and rescued were significantly different (P<0. 05). Conclusion: Phostoxin Tablet poisoning is a common cause of poisoning in Iran that has a high mortality rate. This is a serious health problem in communities where Phostoxin tablet is used. Consequently, you must go to the hospital immediately after contact with Phostoxin.

The cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne damages a wide range of stored products. Control of this pest still relies on the use of phostoxin tablets, which is becoming less effective as storage pests develop resistance to this compound. In this research mortality effect of carbon dioxide and nitrogen gases evaluated individually and in combination, against adults of L. serricorne. Mortality was recorded after 24 h. Results indicated that nitrogen did not have a significant lethal effect on adults of pest. The LC50 value of carbon dioxide was estimated 2498. 59 ppm. In combination tests of these gases, concentrations of 254, 381 and 508 ppm of nitrogen were combined with the LC50 value of carbon dioxide. Results showed that insect mortality was increased by decreasing the concentration of nitrogen or by increasing that of carbon dioxide. According to the results of this study, the cost of using phostoxin tablets was much higher than that of carbon dioxide. Linear programming can be introduced as a useful method for optimizing control managing of this pest. Also, by considering the low-cost control and high insecticidal effect of carbon dioxide and evaluating other aspects, this fumigant can be introduced as a suitable alternative to phostoxin.

Several articles have showed the effect of ALP toxicity on different organs. Toxicity mechanisms are not clearly understood yet. Due to the potential increased use of ALP as a fumigant and the lack of adequate toxicity data, previous studies were re-evaluated to characterize the epidemiological, toxicological, and clinical/ pathological aspects of ALP poisoning and its management. Related terms were looked up in bibliographical databases such as the Tehran University Medical Science Digital Library, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and British library. The studies suggest that phosphine targets the mitochondria and inhibits respiration in rat liver mitochondria, insect mitochondria, and intact nematodes. On the other hand, glutathione (GSH) levels are reduced in various tissues of ALP-poisoned rats, while remaining unchanged in insects and mammalian cells. Also, acetylcholine signaling is an important component of phosphine toxicity. Phosphine (PH3) induces oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in insects, mammalian cells, and other animals. There is no known antidote for ALP intoxication; but, melatonin as an effective antidote protects against oxidative damage in the brain, lung, and liver of the rats and suggests the involvement of ROS in the genotoxicity of PH3. Cholinesterase inhibition responds to treatment with atropine, pralidoxime, and oral sweet almond oil, especially if used immediately after ALP poisoning. Several treatments have been used in animals some of which have not been tested in human-beings yet. Such treatments should be given in controlled situations with the hope they may be helpful in treating these patients.

Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius) is one of the damaging agents in all producing stages of tobacco, from processing to cigarette, in almost all over the world. To control this pest in Iran every year costly fumigation programs are carried out which sometimes cause hygienic problems for fumigation workers too. In this study four tobacco storages in Sari, Bandar-e-Torkman (2 stores), and Gorgan (totally 15575 m3) were fumigated with current recommended phosphine fumigation doses. That is, one 3-gram Phostoxin® tablet (Degesch; Germany) was used to fumigate every m3 of bales and tobacco boxes. For this purpose tablets were put in metal trays over the boxes covered by gas-proof plastic sheet for 96 hours. To investigate the efficiency of fumigation, pheromone traps were employed. Traps were examined from late June through early November every week and the numbers of collected insects were recorded. The results of the study revealed insect control failure in all the storages and insects had been trapped from the second week after phosphine treatment. The reason might be deficiency of current recommendations for fumigations or occurrence of resistance to phosphine due to these regions.

Flour is main component forming bread that is major diet for many people. Therefore, for improve bread quality, is necessary that is decreased wastage of basic and strategic staple. In this research, three types of flour (nol, setare, without bran) were prepared from Arddaran company and were placed phostoxin pill for prevention of attack pesticides and insects, then were packaged in plastic bags and were storage at autumn and winter in environmental condition, then, was investigated chemical, rheological and microbial attributes during six months, interval once months .From results can find that quality attributes of low rate of extraction flour (nol) are better than high rate of extraction flours (without bran). Quantity attributes of flours (such as, ash, protein and gluten) are not changed significant during storage of flour, except, moisture is decreased. But, quality attributes (such as, gluten index, zeleny, farinograph quality number) are improved, oxidation with subjecting air cause new disulfidryl bonds (S-S) between different chains of protein, or disulfidryl groups interact with exist disulfidryl bonds and form new disulfidryl bonds, that increase strength and quality of flour. According to the analysis of wheat flour quality parameters (zeleny, gluten index and farinograph quality number) is required at least 4 months storage for improve of quality of flour. Components of flour especially gluten and enzymes change during storage of flour. Sum of these changes result aging flour, therefor, is improved it is quality and moisture, also, flour is aged rapidly with preparation sufficiently and good ventilation. Considering that after six months of storage, the flour reached a maximum and during this period, the microbial load of the samples exceeded the standard has not been exceeded, The flour is stored for six months, it will be strengthened, especially in the case of weak flour, they must be stored and used later.