The ceramic articles taken out of the glaze kiln may have one or more defects for various reasons, which wastes the efforts of the potter and the craftsman. Some of the most common defects that occur in glazes are bubbles, PINHOLES, pits, blisters, metal lines, crazing, peeling (shivering), crawling, leaching, clouding, color change, specking, sulphuring, starving and popping (chipping). Since bubbles and defects resulting from it, such as PINHOLES, holes and blisters, are the most common defects, which almost every tableware, sanitaryware and tile factory is involved with, and it is very difficult to remove them completely, in this article, considering the available references and field experiences, various aspects of these defects, including the reasons for their formation and the way to fix them is investigated. Many references and books have been written about glaze, but unfortunately, in most of them, the discussion about the defects of the glaze, especially the bubble and the defects resulting from it, is on the sidelines and is not properly investigated. The point that the authors came across while reviewing the references is that, firstly, not much research has been done on this issue. Secondly, the written works are not very comprehensive. Thirdly, most of the articles are related to tiles and not tablewares, which despite the similarities, have many differences. Fourthy, most of the issues adressed in the references, especially in books, are somewhat repetitive. Fifthy, the references did not use appropriate pictures of the defects. Finally, many newer researches are scattered throughout the internet, and for this reason, these references are also used in this article.

The influence of process variables such as ball milling time, concentration and temperature of mould deaning, temperature, and time of prevulcanization and final vulcanization on the quality of condoms and the pinhole rejection rate have been studied . It was found that an optimum ball milling time of 72 h improve condom properties and reduce pinhole rejection rate. Optimum concentration of mould cleaning soap solution is in the range of 0.5-0.7 % and its temperature 60 °C . Time and temperature of prevulcanization and final vulcanization are interrelated in determining the final product properties.    

Purpose: To report two cases of oil-drop cataract and the description of this entity.Patients and Findings: Two women (one 46 and the other 56 years-old) presented with gradual visual loss. Previous studies including CT scan, MRI, VEP and ERG were normal. With the use of simple diagnostic tests including a multiple pinhole occlude and use of visuscope, a diagnosis of oil-drop cataract was made in both cases.Conclusion: In cases with progressive visual acuity loss without definite etiology, negative RAPD and normal color vision, oil-drop cataract should be considered as a possibility. Visuscope and multiple PINHOLES are effective methods for confirming the diagnosis

This study aimed at investigating the influence of Gamma-irradiation 60Co on CoSe/Ag nanostructures material deposited on a transparent conducting substrate via electrochemical deposition technique. The cationic, anionic, and dopant precursors used were respectively 0.01 mol of cobalt (II) acetate tetrahydrate (Co(NO3)2.6H2O), 0.01 mol of selenium (IV) oxide (SeO2), and 0.02 mol of silver nitrate (AgNO3).  The structural, optical, and morphological properties of the deposited films were respectively evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, UV-visible spectrophotometry, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The cobalt selenide/silver films exhibited cubic polycrystalline structure for both unirradiated film at 0Gy and irradiated films of CoSe/Ag material at (200Gy -500Gy) with low bandgap energies and high absorbance values. The surface morphology of the films revealed clustered nanobubbles with no evidence of PINHOLES. The deposited CoSe/Ag films find potential application in photovoltaic and solar cells.

This study aimed at investigating the influence of Gamma-irradiation 60Co on CoSe/Ag nanostructures material deposited on a transparent conducting substrate via electrochemical deposition technique. The cationic, anionic, and dopant precursors used were respectively 0.01 mol of cobalt (II) acetate tetrahydrate (Co(NO3)2.6H2O), 0.01 mol of selenium (IV) oxide (SeO2), and 0.02 mol of silver nitrate (AgNO3).  The structural, optical, and morphological properties of the deposited films were respectively evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, UV-visible spectrophotometry, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The cobalt selenide/silver films exhibited cubic polycrystalline structure for both unirradiated film at 0Gy and irradiated films of CoSe/Ag material at (200Gy -500Gy) with low bandgap energies and high absorbance values. The surface morphology of the films revealed clustered nanobubbles with no evidence of PINHOLES. The deposited CoSe/Ag films find potential application in photovoltaic and solar cells.

During storage of eggs, unfavorable changes occur due to exertion of CO2 and water vapor from through of crust PINHOLES. One of the practical methods for preventing or reducing these changes is to use biopolymer-based coatings. In this research, five coating solutions based on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and glycerol as plasticizer, oleic acid (1 and 2% V/V) and antimicrobial agents (potassium sorbate, natamycin and butylated hydroxyanisole) were prepared and their effects on physicochemical properties of the eggs (weight loss, pH, Haugh unit (HU) and yolk index (YI)) were evaluated at room temperature (25) during 5 weeks storage. The results showed that CMC-based coatings have considerable effects on quality of eggs and shelf life of them increased 1-3 weeks (depending on coating type). As well as, adding oleic acid to the CMC-based coating had positive significant effects (P<0.05) on quality parameters of eggs during 5 week storage. Adding antimicrobial compounds also caused significant difference in all parameters, except yolk index, in comparison to CMC coating without antimicrobial compounds.

High-Pressure Die Casting (HPDC) is one of the major production processes of the automotive industry, widely used to manufacture geometrically complex nonferrous castings. The mechanical strength and microstructure of HPDC-manufactured products change with variation in several process parameters such as injection pressure, molten temperature, 1st and 2nd stage plunger velocities, cooling temperature, etc. Since these process parameters directly a, ect casting quality, their optimum combination is needed to maximize productivity of the process and minimize casting defects such as porosity, PINHOLES, blowholes, etc. Hence, to tackle this problem, an approach is presented in this paper that minimizes the major casting defect, i. e., porosity, in the HPDC process by optimizing parameters through Design Of Experiments (DOE) in combination with Taguchi Analysis. The obtained results showed that cooling time, injection pressure, and 2nd stage plunger velocity had a major in uence on the response factor (density of the cast part). It was further concluded that by using a 178-bar injection pressure, 665, C molten temperature, 5 seconds of cooling time, 210 C mold temperature, 0. 20 m. s-1 1st stage plunger velocity, and 6. 0 m. s-1 2nd stage plunger velocity, the rejection rate of the selected part due to porosity was reduced by 61%.

In this work, a combined cation of Cesium and Rubidium (RbCsI2) was injected to the main Perovskite solution. The main formulation of the cells was MA0. 17FA0. 83Pb (I0. 83Br0. 17)3, hence it contains“ MA” and “ FA” cations and also “ Br” and “ I” anions, which are Halide. The Cesium-Rubidium iodide (RbCsI2) was added to the main solution of Perovskite, while in the control sample only cesium iodide (CsI) was added to the main solution. The two types of fabricated cells were compared according to the current-voltage characteristic (I-V), SEM and XRD tests. Regarding the current-voltage measurements, it was found that the cell efficiency of the cation containing Rubidium-Cesium is higher (0. 4 percent) than that of the cell containing just Cesium. SEM images also showed that samples containing Rubidium-Cesium cation have fewer PINHOLES than Cesium cation on their surface layer. This lead to higher charge transfer and lower trapping of charge carriers, which ultimately increases the cell efficiency. The XRD patterns also show that the precipitate crystallization of the cation containing Rubidium-Cesium is higher than that of cesium cation, which also results in higher transfer rates and thus higher efficiency.

An emulsion polymerization of aniline was performed in a solution of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid emulsifier, benzoyl peroxide oxidant and tartaric acid as dopant. The polyaniline-containing coating was applied over carbon steel panels and the polyaniline content in the coating was 1 %. The influence of reactants concentration on the morphological and anti-corrosive properties of polyaniline was investigated to determine the optimum conditions for the synthesis of polyaniline nanoparticles. The average size of particles determined by X-ray diffraction measurement was 70–104 nm, which is found to be in agreement with the scanning electron microscopy results. Corrosion resistance of coatings was obtained using electrochemical techniques (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and open circuit potential measurements) in 3.5 % sodium chloride solution. Nyquist diagrams showed two capacitance loops, one at high frequency range followed by a larger one at low frequencies due to coating and charge transfer resistance. The corrosion resistance values were found to decrease due to the corrosion of carbon steel in PINHOLES of the coating. For longer immersion times, the coating resistance values were found to increase due to the passivation effect of polyaniline. The results showed that epoxy coating with doped polyaniline nanoparticles is able to offer protection in sodium chloride solution.

Hybrid composites consisting of AA6061 matrix reinforced with TiB2 (2, 4, 6, and 8 wt. %), Al2O3 (2 wt. %) particles were produced by the sintering process. In comparison to the base material AA6061, the composite produced had improved mechanical properties. The sintered composites' mechanical properties, such as tensile strength and hardness, are measured and compared to the wear-tested specimen. Optical micrographs reveal that composites were riddled with defects like blowholes, PINHOLES, and improper bonding between the particulates before sintering. However, the post-sintered optical micrograph showed that the defects were greatly suppressed. Micrographic images revealed the changes in surface characteristics before and after wear. Until a sliding distance of 260 m, the wear rate of the hybrid composites was kept lower than that of the base material. The coefficient of all the composite materials produced for this study was noted to be less than that of the base material. The results reveal that the hardness of hybrid composites having 4 wt. % and 6 wt. % of TiB2 particulates increased by 5.98 % and 1.35 %. Because of the frictional heating during the wear test, the tensile properties lowered by up to 49.6%. It is concluded that the hybrid composites having 4 wt. % and 6 wt. % of TiB2 particulates exhibited less wear rate for extended sliding distance, good hardness, moderate tensile strength, and decent elongation percentage compared to its counterparts.