Introduction: Fibroadenoma is the most common benign breast mass that occurs in young women. Many endocrine and non endocrine theories have been proposed about benign breast disease including the role of thyroid hormones. Some studies have noted the high prevalence of thyroid disorder in benign and malignant breast disease. So The aim of this study was to determine the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid peroxidase antibody (Anti-TPO) status in patients with breast fibroadenomas.Methods: in this cross sectional study 100 patients with breast fibroadenoma refferd to surgery clinic of mostafa khomeini hospital were enrolled. Demographic data were collected through interviews. The size and number of breast masses on sonography was extracted. Measurement of serum TSH and thyroid Anti-TPO was performed for all patients.Results: The mean age of patient was 26.6 ± 7.37 years and 53% were single.32% of patients had a history of breastfeeding. Average serum levels of TSH was 2.63 ± 2.32 u/ml.14% of patients had abnormal serum levels of TSH. Anti-TPO in 9.7% of patients was positive. There was no relationship between Serum levels of TSH and Anti-TPO status with age, size and number of masses and marital status.Conclusion: The results of our study indicate a high prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in patients with breast fibroadenomas, in which the incidence of hypothyroidism is more than hyperthyroidism. The prevalence of autoimmune hypothyroidism in our study was relatively high, but the frequency of autoimmune hyperthyroidism is negligible.

This experiment was laid out in order to study on effect of irrigation saline water on biochemical characteristics of mutant cotton lines in Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Center, Iran at 2014-2015, by using of split plot arrangement based on complete block design with three replications. Experimental treatments were three irrigation water [4 (as control), 8 and 12 dS m-1] at main plots and three cotton genotypes (LM1673, LM1303 and Shayan) in sub plots. Results showed that the effect of irrigation using saline water on all traits was significant except reducing and non-reducing sugars. Effect of cultivar was significant on starch content and interaction between irrigation using saline water and cultivars was significant on soluble and non-reducing sugars, starch content and carotenoids. Irrigation by 12 dS m-1 saline water, soluble protein and soluble sugars increased as 50% and prolin content increased as 45% rather than control treatment. PROXIDASE (POX) enzyme activity in irrigation by 8 dS m-1 saline water treatment increased as 50% rather than irrigation by 12 dS m-1 saline water treatment. By increasing of irrigation water salinity, decreased chlorophyll content (40% rather than 8 dS m-1 saline water) and increased relief pigments such as carotenoids (50%) and anthocyanin (23%). In many traits, because of non-significant different amomg genotypes and with regards to high tolerance characteristics of Shayan genotype to salinity can be concluded that LM-1303 and LM-1673 had high tolerance to salinity same to Shayan genotype. With regard to higher soluble sugar, non-reducing sugar and carotenoids in LM-1303 genotype, can be concluded that this genotype had better physiological status under salinity compare to Shayan genotype.

The non-defoliant strain of Verticillium dahliae (SS-4) was isolated from olive groves showing disease symptoms in Toshan area of southern Gorgan city. Root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica, was recovered from infested olive seedlings and following identification it was propagated on tomato seedlings cv. Rutgers. One-year-old seedlings of olive cultivars, Zard, Roghani, Koroneiki and Manzanilla, were transplanted to pots containing 2000 g of sterilized sandy loam soil. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design of 32 treatments and five replications. The treatments included: control, nematode alone, fungus alone and fungus+nematode. Pots (containing 2000 g of loam-sandy soil) were inoculated with J2 (2000, 3000, 4000 per pot) of nematode and/or microsclerotia (20000 per pot) of fungus according to the treatments for the cultivars. Pots were arranged on glasshouse benches with a temperature of 25-27oC, and under natural light. Quantitative activities of Soluble Peroxidase (SPOX) and ionically Cell-Wall-bound Peroxidase (CWPOX) were evaluated using guaiacol, as a substrate, and according to change in absorbance of the reaction mixture at 470 nm per minute per milligram of total protein on days 1, 10, 20 and 30 after inoculation. Results showed that SPOX and CWPOX activity increased in seedlings inoculated with only fungus reaching its maximum level at the 30th day in Koroneiki. The enzymes activity showed a significant increase in treatments inoculated with nematode and fungus until 20 days after inoculation and afterwards decrease until 30 days after inoculation as compared with the fungus alone treatments (p£0.05). Results indicated the nematode was able to limit induction of SPOX and CWPOX even against fungus.

In order to improve the salinity tolerance of barley through hybridization, two spring barley cultivars namely Reyhan (susceptible) and Afzal (tolerant) and their F1 hybrid were planted at three salinity levels (0, 10 and 20 dsm-1) in greenhouse under a Factorial experiment with randomized complete block design with three replications. Proline content, quantitative activity of PROXIDASE and catalase enzymes, sodium, potassium and sodium to potassium ratio and vice versa were measured for all of the treatments. Heterobeltiosis (superior parent heterosis) was observed for sodium content, potassium content and potassium to sodium ratio, and for catalase enzyme there was an average of parents-based heterosis. For sodium to potassium ratio, proline and PROXIDASE no heterosis was detected. Ultimately, the third salinity level was the most desirable level for heterosis status assessment of hybrid plants derived from the crossing between the susceptible and resistant cultivars. Given the observed heterosis, it is expected that the improvement of plants for salinity tolerance is possible through targeted crosses.

In order to study the effect of water deficit stress and foliar spray of humic acid (HA) on physiological and yield traits of tomato, the current paper conducts an experiment in a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the research filed of University of Zanjan, during 2016. The treatments in this experiment include arrangement of three irrigation levels (at 100%, 80%, and 60% ETc) and 4 levels of HA (0, 100, 200, and 300 mg. l-1). Results show that deficit irrigation has significantly decreased stomatal conductance, membrane stability index, leaf relative water and chlorophyll a and b content, and plant yield, increasing the proline content and PROXIDASE activity. HA treatment enhances PROXIDASE activity, leaf relative water content, proline, chlorophyll, membrane stability index, and plant yield under normal and deficit irrigation, decreasing stomatal conductance. The maximum peroxidase activity (1. 207 uints. g-1FW. Min-1) and proline content (11. 5 mg. gFW-1) belongs to the treatment with 200 mg L-1 HA and 60% of ETc irrigation. Also, the maximum leaf relative water content (78. 6%) and membrane stability index (70. 01%) has been observed in HA 300 and 200 mg L-1, respectively under 100% ETc irrigation. The maximum plant yield has been obtained with application of HA 200 mg L-1 under 100% ETc irrigation. According to the results, application of HA 200 mg L-1 could help improving the plant's physiological traits, simultaneously increasing its fruit yield.

Beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) is one of the most important species in northern forests of Iran. This species is a main constituent of northern forests of Iran in terms of both the volume and coverage, hence the survival and protection of this plant is highly important. Therefore, a way to protect and revive this plant is to find the types that are resistant to various environmental stresses, such as late and early cold. Enzymes are the most sensitive causes of physiologic changes in the plants undergoing environmental stresses. In this research, the enzyme content of branch tips of 90 trees in (1,100 m, 1,500 m and 1,900 m) elevations was collected in order to study seasonal qualitative and quantitative changes in PROXIDASE and catalase enzymes within seven months and the results were compared (Duncan test). PROXIDASE and catalase enzymes were studied quantitatively by spectrophotometry. Furthermore, the PROXIDASE collected underwent qualitative tests based on the PAGE (polyacrylamid gel electrophoresis) method. Results showed that PROXIDASE and catalase are more active and more isoenzyme bands are observed in the cold months as compared to warmer months. In Farvardin (March 21-April 20), catalase is quantitatively more active in higher elevations relative to lower elevations however the number of isoenzyme bands of PROXIDASE in the trees located in lower elevations was more to combat the stress caused by late cold. In Shahrivar (August 23-September 23), the number of isoenzyme bands significantly increases in higher elevation as a means to resist early cold. This research again emphasized the role of PROXIDASE and catalase in the face of physiological stresses, especially decrease of temperature.

In this paper, the effect of NaCl on the activity of soluble (SPO) and wall bound peroxidases (IPO, CPO) as well as the level of lipid peroxidation in roots of two cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were studied. Two wheat cultivars, Mahooti and Alamoot were selected as salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive cultivars, respectively. The plants were treated with 300mM NaCl for 24, 48 and 96 hours. The content of lignin and the ratio of CWP/FW were studied during 96 hours of treatment as well. Salt treatment increased the rate of lipid peroxidation and enhanced the activity of wall bound peroxidases, particularly in roots of Mahooti. These phenomena were also associated with an increase in the content of lignin in the walls. The activity of soluble peroxidase was also stimulated which helps to more scavenging of peroxide radicals produced by NaCl treatment. Meanwhile, the results suggest that in salt-tolerant wheat cultivar, NaCl treatment accelerated aging process.

The rice brown spot disease caused by Bipolaris oryzae is distributed in most of rice cultivated regions and some time causes economic recession. Plants are under attack by diverse pests and pathogens. They have evolved different mechanisms to survive against invaders. Similar to the other plants, rice employs structural and chemical barriers to defense against pathogens. The pathogenesis- related proteins have crucial role in chemical defense. In this survey, the expression pattern of several resistance genes (Thionin, Defensing, Allen oxide synthase, PROXIDASE) were considered in two rice cultivars under treatment of B. oryzae fungus, using Quantitative Real Time PCR. The Tarom and Khazar cultivars have been selected as susceptible and resistance cultivars, respectively. Results showed considerable increase in expression rate of all genes in both genotypes after inoculation than that of control plant in every hours. Data analysis using T-student test program also showed that there are significant differences between Tarom and Khazar cultivars with the expression of mentioned genes. The findings proves that Thionin, Defensin, Allen oxide synthase and PROXIDASE genes play a prominent role in rice resistance to B. oryzae. This result can be an introduction to use of mentioned genes for overexpression and generate resistant rice to destructive brown spot disease in breeding program.