Self condensation of acetone in the presence of potassium hydroxide, as zubakhin report, conducted to mesityl oxide, D-PULEGONE, isoPULEGONE, thoujone and cyclohexanone formation. In our research work, by using the same method, the major products were isophorone (63.7%) and mesityl oxide (13.9%), and no evidence of D-PULEGONE, isoPULEGONE, thoujone and cyclohexanone formation was observed.

Background and objective: The issue of antibiotic resistance is currently being pursued very seriously. One of the drug-resistant bacteria is Pseudomonas aeruginosa. As an opportunistic and important pathogen in human and livestock, this bacterium can be resistant to various antibiotics in different ways. For thisreason, research to obtain antimicrobials from alternative sources such as plants and plant essential oils is considered by many researchers. This study investigated the antimicrobial potentials and therapeutic effects of PULEGONE in experimental cutaneous pseudomoniasis in goats clinically. Materials and methods: Four two-year-old female goats weighing approximately 45 kg were used. To prepare the P. aeruginosa inoculation site, the right and left chest and the flank on both sides of the animal were shaved to an area of 30 cm2 at each site. After supressing the immune system by injection of dexamethasone, in each place at five points and at each point 0. 4 ml of P. aeruginosa suspension, was injected intradermally. After cutaneous pseudomoniasis induction, lesions in the right thoracic region were treated with glycerol-soluble PULEGONE, lesions in the left thoracic region were treated with gentamicin ointment as standard treatment, and lesions in the right thoracic region were treated daily with glycerol. Lesions in the left flank were not treated as a control group. Results: The results of this study showed that PULEGONE, just like gentamicin, treats goat cutaneous pseudomoniasis wounds in nine days and heals them effectively.

Background: PULEGONE is an allelochemical widely occurring in plants of the Labiatae family. PULEGONE has a pleasant mint like odor and therefore is used, directly or as a constituent of a variety of essential oils, in beverages and processed foods for human consumption.Methods: To evaluate the antidiarrheal activity of PULEGONE using various pharmacological models, the intestinal transit, castor oil induced diarrhea and enteropooling methods were used in this study. The acute toxicity and lethality of PULEGONE was determined using the Lorke‟s method.Results: The PULEGONE was practically nontoxic administered p.o. The LD50 was 570 mg/kg given p.o. PULEGONE (25-100 mg/kg, p.o.) produced insignificant reduction in propulsive movement in the normal and significant (P<0.05) reduction in castor oil induced intestinal transit tests in rats. Peak effect was elicited at 25 mg/kg but this effect was higher than that produced by loperamide (3 mg/kg, p.o.). In the castor oil induced diarrhea test, high dose of PULEGONE significantly delayed the onset but did not decrease the frequency and severity of diarrhea. PULEGONE at the dose of 25 mg/kg significantly reduced the volume of intestinal secretion induced by castor oil but produced no effect on diarrhea parameters.Conclusion: The results obtained in this study suggest that the PULEGONE did not possess antidiarrheal property due to weak inhibition of gastrointestinal propulsion and fluid secretion.

Objective: PULEGONE (PGN) is a monoterpene ketone, whose metabolites exert several cytotoxic effects in various tissues. The present study was conducted in order to evaluate the (R)-(+) PGN-induced alterations in ovarian aromatization, proto-oncogenes and estrogen receptorα (ERa) and ERβ receptors expressions.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, mature albino mice were divided into experimental (received 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg PGN, orally for 35 days) and control (received 2% solution of Tween 80 as a PGN solvent, orally) groups. The mRNA levels of Era, Erb, p53, Bcl-2, and cytochrome p450 (Cyp19) as well as ovarian angiogenesis were analyzed through reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical techniques, respectively. Moreover, apoptosis of follicular cells, serum estrogen and progesterone levels and mRNA damage were investigated via using terminal transferase and biotin-16-dUTP staining, electrochemilunescence and fluorescent microscopy methods, respectively. Results: The PGN reduced Era, Erb and Cyp19 expression at 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg doses, while significantly elevating p53 and reducing Bcl-2 expression. Finally, PGN impaired ovarian angiogenesis, increased apoptosis, elevated follicular atresia and reduced serum levels of estrogen and progesterone.Conclusion: Chronic exposure to PGN (50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg), severely affects ovarian aromatization, proto-oncogenes mRNA levels and expression of ERs.

Background and Aim: Strangle in the horses is the commonest and the most significant infectious disease. An antibiotic of the first choice, commonly Penicillin, is used for antimicrobial therapy. Due to side effects and resistance against used antibiotics, interest in novel antimicrobial substances from other sources, including herbal medicine as safe agents has been raised. This study evaluated the antibacterial susceptibility profile of Streptococcus equi subsp equi in the confrontation of Trans-cinnamaldehyde, 1, 8 Cineole, and PULEGONE on bacterial pathogens isolated from the horse. Materials and Methods: Two hundred clinically isolates were studied by the single disk method to Ampicillin, Ciprofloxacin, Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, Gentamicin, Enrofloxacin, Chloramphenicol, Azithromycin, Cefotaxime, Oxytetracycline, Erythromycin, and Penicillin. Paper discs were prepared by impregnation in 10 µ, L essential oils main compounds (EOMC). The antibacterial activities of Trans-cinnamaldehyde, 1, 8 Cineole, and PULEGONE were evaluated by microbroth dilution and disk diffusion methods against isolates of S. equi. Results & Conclusion: All the isolates were resistant to Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and Cefotaxime. The maximum growth inhibition zone was related to Oxytetracycline and Ampicillin. The growth inhibition zone diameter was 30 mm, 20 mm, and 26 mm for Trans-cinnamaldehyde, PULEGONE, and 1, 8 Cineole, respectively. The results of the Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations (MBCs) showed that Trans-cinnamaldehyde had the highest antibacterial activity compared to other EOMC against S. equi. This study indicated that Trans-cinnamaldehyde, 1, 8 Cineole, and PULEGONE revealed antibacterial properties,therefore, these main constituents of the medicinal plant could be a safe candidate for the new antibacterial products.

Background and objectives: Menthol and menthone are two important components in the essential oil of peppermint (Mentha piperita L. ) which are commercially used in the pharmaceutical industries. This study has presented the allometric ratio of menthol and menthone to PULEGONE affected by the induction of bioregulators. Methods: The experiment was conducted in controlled condition based on completely randomized design (CRD) in three replications. The plants were subjected to different bioregulator treatments including distilled water; 5 %v/v methanol; 40 ppm GA3 (gibberellic acid) + 5%v/v methanol; 40 ppm IBA (indole butyric acid) + 5%v/v methanol, and 40 ppm GA3 + 40 ppm IBA + 5%v/v methanol. Essential oils analysis were performed using different methods of gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Results: The application of 40 ppm IBA + 5%v/v methanol increased the essential oil content. With the use of bioregulators, the content of menthol and menthone increased and the amount of PULEGONE was conversely reduced. The lowest content of PULEGONE was measured in the treatment with 40 ppm GA3 + 40 ppm IBA + 5%v/v methanol. Allometric analysis of components showed that the ratios of menthol/PULEGONE, menthone/PULEGONE, and (menthone+menthol)/PULEGONE increased by bioregulators application, especially with 40 ppm GA3 + 40 ppm IBA + 5%v/v methanol. Conclusion: Using plant bioregulators could be a suitable procedure to increase pro-health potential through increasing the amount of menthol with decreasing the content of PULEGONE in the essential oil. It is possible that the bioregulators were able to convert PULEGONE to menthol and menthone.

Background and Objectives: Horse Mint (Mentha longifolia synMentha sylvestris) is a valuable medicinal and aromatic plant belonging to Lamiaceae family. This plant has been used traditionally as stimulative, tonic, antispasm, antiflatulence, gall bladderastringent and mild soothing in Iran. The aim of this study was to evaluate the essential oils content and composition of Mentha longifolia L. from five wild habitats of Fars province.Materials and methods: The aerial parts of Mentha longifolia L. at flowering stage were collected from the wild habitats of these plants and dried in shadow. The air-dried aerial parts of samples were subjected to hydrodistillation method, using Clevenger apparatus. The constituents of essential oils were determined by GC and GC/MS.Results: The results showed that the highest and lowest oil content were obtained from Marvdasht (5.5%) and Larestan (1.17%) ecotypes, respectively. In total, 33, 32, 26, 27 and 28 components were identified and quantified in the oil samples of Sepidan, Waterfall Margoon, Jahrum, Larestan and Marodasht ecotypes, respectively. In general, essential oils were characterized by high amounts of oxygenated monoterpene compounds. The major components were PULEGONE (25.36-53.44%), piperitenone (4.93-43.9%), 1, 8-cineole (1.1-13.33%), piperitenone oxid (1.06-19.33%) and menthone (0.98-10.28%).Discussion: According to the medicinal value of PULEGONE, in this research the horse mint oil had high percentage of this compound and can be concluded that the plant from Fars provience is a rich source of PULEGONE. For obtaining the highest oil content and PULEGONE, the best ecotypes were Marvdasht and Waterfall Margoon, respectively.