How to profoundly change the beliefs of the polytheists during the age of revelation from the denial of the Prophet (pbuh) to the certainty of his Message and the acceptance of his full guardianship is a question worthy of attention. The order of verses about prophecy based on the order of revelation is the reason to lead a transformative Process and a special Quranic method in institutionalizing the belief of prophecy in the lives of Arabs. In the first stage, the Holy Quran in the first Makkī (Arabic: المکّیّ, suras revealed in Mecca) chapters has prepared the community from the motivational side to accept the truth of the Prophet’s (pbuh) prophecy and briefly stating the key issues surrounding it. The Holy Book of Quran at the time of the emergence of oppositions and doubts (the second stage) destroyed the arguments of the polytheists and explained the prophecy and proved its authenticity from a cognitive perspective in the second stage by presenting clear arguments. and the Holy Book of Quran in the third stage after Madanī (Arabic: المدنیّ, suras revealed in Medina) period has undertaken measures in order to fulfill the goals of the Massage by explaining the true position of the Prophet (pbuh) to deepen and operationalize the Prophetic belief through explaining practical duties for the Prophet (pbuh) and behavior based on the acceptance of Walaya (Arabic: ولایة, meaning “guardianship” or “governance”).

Design thinking has been the subject of diverse studies since early 20th Century. This paper briefly reviews the research in this area since 1930s. To effectively compare the work of twenty-four researchers on this subject, their ideas are tabulated to show how different types of knowledge are recognized leading to diverse Design Processes and various Design thinking strategies.

The concept of Design is associated with the notion of constraint as a limiting factor, and the search for the constraint in the Design Process is essential in Design research. This study applies the ontological method to define the domain and scope of constraints, their classes and subclasses, and how to apply them. We concluded that there are two types of constraints in Design: inside the Designer’, s mind or internal constraint and outside it or external constraint. Each of these is classified into two subclasses: internal constraints can be divided into deduced and subject constraints, and external constraints are categorised into imposed and intrinsic constraints. In the end, we proposed a model that shows that Designers can identify, choose, manage, and even generate constraints in the Design Process to facilitate the restructuring of the Design problem, which helps them solve the Design problem.

What do students of architecture rely on as their Design strategy? What areas of knowledge serve as ‘primary generators’ of main concepts in the Design Process? To investigate this problem, two groups of students were selected from two different universities: Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran and Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin. Both groups Designed the same project as their first course on Landscape Design. Two years after this course, a survey was conducted in both groups. As a dependent factor indicating primary generators, students were asked about the importance of certain aspects such as ecologic, aesthetic, cultural and economic values, etc. The students were also asked to submit their initial concepts and mention priority topics for the course. The results show that ‘scale’ and ‘ecological factors’ are more important for students as primary generators. It is further demonstrated that the three training priority topics are: (i) basic concepts and landscape ecology; (ii) social and cultural concepts; and (iii) aesthetic principles.

This study aims to describe and explain the metanarrative of the fundamental idea and concept of authority in traditional societies, art, and architecture. There is much evidence that the formation of art and architecture, the socio-professional organisation of craftsmen, class structure, and behaviours of the traditional societies was based on a hierarchical pyramid system of patterns or spiritual and material references. Based on the historical interpretation methods, this article investigates the role and influence of the three sources, namely, metaphysics, nature (macrocosm), and humans (microcosm), together with all the concepts, principles, and elements related to them on the theory and practice of artisans/ architects. The findings show that these authoritative sources, who reach a sacred status in a hierarchical system, have control over the formation of art/ architecture and the artisans' professional life. Indeed, the idea of authority played a decisive role and authority in organising the structure and content of artisans' guilds, granting holiness and legitimacy to their craft, determining authoritative models and patterns, and judging them. It seems that the theoretical formulation of the idea of authority and the concept of hierarchy of authoritative sources, in addition to describing some manners and principles of traditional professions, can provide a new explanation of the theoretical origins of the creation of form in the world of tradition.

Today, product Design has experienced fundamental changes. Design criteria have changed from focusing on product performance to sustainable criteria. This has increased the contrast between traditional and new requirements and consequently increases the Design complexity. In this regard, traditional methods are incapable of solving the problems of product Design. Therefore, many efforts have been made to solve these challenges to improve the Design Process. As a result of these efforts, various Design methodologies such as multidisciplinary Design optimization and knowledge-based engineering were developed. These approaches could support the evolutionary improvement of current product Designs or the study of the novel complex product or could reduce the coupling between various FRs and Design parameters (DPs). In this article, the authors discuss the effect of using the Axiomatic Design approach in the aircraft conceptual Design Process. The results obtained in this study indicate the high efficiency of this method in reducing the coupling between the FRs defined for the aircraft, as well as in reducing repetitive activities, thus optimizing the time and cost of the aircraft Design Process.

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is one of the most successful techniques of Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) and is mostly in use for the treatment of infertility with male factors. In this method, before injecting sperm into the intracytoplasmic of the oocyte, cumulus cells around the oocyte must be stripped to facilitate the injection Process. To achieve this, both enzymatic and mechanical methods are used in embryological laboratories for denudation, which has major deficiencies, including the possibility of damaging the oocyte prior to the injection Process. In this research, a microfluidic-based device is introduced for the separation of cumulus cells around the oocyte with minimum manual operations. The results prove high efficiency, and non-destructive denudation of the oocyte with the reduced amount of culture medium leads to the low-cost preparation Process of oocytes. The Process can also be integrated with ICSI chips under development and will be reported shortly.

A procedure is presented that synthesizes fractional crystallization separation Processes to obtain pure solids from multi-component solutions. The method includes a procedure to generate a network flow model to identify alternative Process Designs for fractional crystallization. The main advantage of this systematic procedure with respect to other reported procedures is using non-equilibrium solubility values for crystallizers and mixing tanks as Process points. By employing an approach factor to show the distance from equilibrium, a non-linear programming model is obtained. Solving the non-linear programming model, optimal Process flowsheet and the corresponding non-equilibrium solubility values for Process points are presented. The proposed procedure is used to Design an optimal flowsheet for production of sodium carbonate and sodium sulfate from Burkeite. The results show that when the approach factor goes to unity, the maximum efficiency of separation Process is attained which corresponds to the minimum total flow rates and total cost of the Process.