SHANDERMAN eclogites are exposed at the west of SHANDERMAN town, Talesh Mountains in the north of Iran. Protoliths of these rocks had basaltic composition. Geochemical studies indicate that most of the samples have tholeiitic feature. Mg# versus Cr and Ni show that they experienced olivine and clinopyroxene fractionation. Spider diagram shows more fractionation of olivine compared to clinopyroxene. The trace element versus major oxides diagrams show that major oxides had no significant (except Na and to some extent Fe) variation during alteration and subsequent metamorphism. Based on ∑REE, eclogite of the SHANDERMAN can be divided into two groups. First group shows ∑REE= 31.1 ppm and (La/Lu)N=0.6. Second group have ∑REE= 139.2 ppm and (La/Lu)N=2.3. Chondrite REE normalized patterns show that they are comparable with N-MORB and E-MORB.  These patterns (N-E MORB) indicate that either SHANDERMAN eclogite protolith magma source was not homogenous or it experienced different melting degrees, changing from LSS (Slow spreading ridge) to FSS (fast spreading ridge).

This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effects of fire on the vegetation in SHANDERMAN forests (Guilan province). For this purpose, 60 sampling plots of 400 m2 were taken in a random-systematic Method in the areas of burned and control. The plant species present at the level of the samples were collected and identified, and their Life forms determined based on the Runkaeir's method. The results showed that 60 plant species were identified in the studied forest, 13 species (22%) only in the fire area, 5 species (8%) only in the control area, and 42 species (70%) were observed common in the both regions. The highest frequency belonged to Rosaceae and Poaceae families. In the study of the life forms of plant elements in the burned and control area, phanerophytes and hemicryptophytes were the most present in both regions. The results of the investigation of plant biodiversity indicators showed that the values of species diversity indicators in the burned area were higher than in the control area. DCA analysis showed that the composition of the vegetation in the burned area is not significantly different from the control area. Therefore, it can be concluded that after 12 years of the fire, the vegetation composition of the area has been restored and has become the same as the control area.

All samples of SHANDERMAN eclogites contain amphibole, epidote group minerals and chlorite as retrograde phases. Amphiboles show zoning with high FeO and Al2O3 content at the rims and high MgO in the cores in some samples. In these samples, the amphibole compositions vary from tremolitic hornblende to tschermakite and edenitic hornblende from core to rim, respectively. Amphibole inclusions in zoisite have similar composition to matrix amphiboles and show tremolitic hornblende nature. Epidotes include both zoisite and clinozoisite existing in all samples. They show zoning and have high Al2O3 content in the core and high FeO content at the rims. Pistasite content in the core is 0.09% and at the rim is 0.17%. Plagioclase is enriched in Na and is almost pure albite endmember. Chlorites are MgO rich and are of Repidolite and Brunsvigite types. They show FeMg-1 and tschermakitic substitutions. Fe/Mg distribution coefficient among amphibole and chlorite for the cores of the minerals is around 0.5 and for the rims is 1. Thermobarometry of zoned amphiboles show that these minerals are grown from core to rim due to an increase in temperature and pressure. 

This study aimed to evaluate of unsurfaced forest road distresses on the existing curves. Numbers of 30 selective plots on the center of curves were measured. A paired sample plot beside of each curve was measured. In each plot, seven indices of unsurfaced road distress including improper cross section, inadequate roadside drainage, corrugation, dust, potholes, ruts and loose aggregate of soil were measured. Paired samples t-test and Wilcoxon test were used to analysis of data. Result showed that there were improper cross section and dust distresses factors in all plots on the curves, while 3. 3 % of paired plots had none of these distresses. Also, distress intensity causing by improper cross section and inadequate roadside drainage factors were more in the curves than to paired plots and significant difference between the curves and paired plots was observed. The results of corrugation indicated that 70 and 66. 7 % of sampled plots in the curves points and side plots lacked this type of distress, respectively. Results showed that the depth and area of potholes and ruts, and loose of soil aggregate in the curves points were greater than the paired plots but there was no significant difference between the curves and paired plots. Results of this study shows importance of regular maintenance activities and application of evaluation indices at the network level of pavement.

The aim of this study was to study effect of fire on vegetation and natural regeneration in SHANDERMAN forests, Guilan province 7 years after burning. For this purpose, two burned and unburned areas were selected. Within each of the study areas, we used a random systematic 150 m × 150 m sampling grid to locate 40 circular plots of 1000 m2 for tree and shrub species (20 plots in burned area and 20 plot in control area). In each plot, density and DBH of tree species and density of shrub species were measured. Regeneration density was studied by 100m2 plots. Regeneration was studied in three classes as height < 1. 3 m, DBH < 2. 5 cm, and 2. 5 cm < DBH < 7. 5 cm. The results showed that density, the DBH and basal area of tree species and density of shrub species significantly deceased after burning. Also, density of regeneration significantly increased after burning. In tree layer, density of Quercus castaneifolia, Carpinus betulus, Zelkova carpinifolia and Parrotia persica significantly increased after burning. In shrub layer, density of Prunus divaricate, Mespilus germanica, Crataegus microphylla and Ruscus hyrcanus significantly decreased after burning. Forest structure was uneven-aged with a reverse J distribution in each two areas. Composition and pattern of dominance didn’ t changed in tree, shrub and regeneration layers.

The SHANDERMAN metamorphic complex, located in the west of Gilan Province and southwest of Bandar-e-Anzali, is composed of a variety of metamorphic rocks (including slate, schist, calk-schist, marble, serpentinite, metagabbro and eclogite). Based on petrologic studies, protoliths of these rocks have had ultramafic, gabbro-gabbro noritic and pelitic composition.Mineralogically, the metapelitic rocks contain biotite, chlorite, muscovite, andalusite and metabasitic rocks contain amphibole, garnet, olivine, pyroxene and serpentine. Predominant texture of the rocks is porphyrolepidoblastic or nematoblastic. Zr/Y ratio of these rocks, which is less than 3, shows that they are similar to oceanic island arc rocks. Negative anomalies of Ti, P, and K and positive anomaly of Pb (appeared in spider diagrams) are evidences for their relation to crustal assimilated subduction zones. Distribution pattern of trace elements such Th, Hf, La, and U in the studied metapelites indicates a transition from passive margin towards island arc. The characteristics of the studied assemblage show that it was developed in an oceanic passive margin and then evolved within subduction zone.

Seedling grading is one of the main aspects of producing good quality seedling in forest nursery. It is obvious that good quality seedlings would have highly survival and performance in field after out planting. This study was conducted to grade Acer velutinum and Alnus glutinosa seedling in SHANDERMAN and Safrabasteh forest nurseries in Guilan province. For each species, 100 seedlings were selected randomly from seedbed. Collar diameter, height, number of root and leaf area of seedlings were measured. The results indicated that there was significant correlation at 1% level, between collar diameter with number of roots, leaf area and seedling height. Furthermore, it is cleared that the seedling could be graded by collar diameter in four classes. Suitable collar diameter for Alnus glutinosa and Acer velutinum were 6 – 8 mm. and 10-14 mm, respectively.

The recovery of the soil of skidtrails and the establishment of natural regeneration in them play a significant role in the sustainability of the forest. To conduct this research in the west of Giulan province (SHANDERMAN area), three skid trails with 10 years of age and slope classes: 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30% were selected. A total of 30 microplots (2x2 m2) were determined on skidtrails and adjacent areas (control area), and in them, the type of species and the frequency of regeneration were recorded 100%. In the soil sample taken from a depth of 0-20 cm, Bulk Density and Particle Density and %Porosity were measured. The results showed that there is a significant difference between skidtrails and the control area in terms of bulk density, percentage of soil porosity and species regeneration (p<0.05). The frequency of regeneration of the Acer velutinum species in the skidtrails was significantly higher than in the control area, and the frequency of the regeneration of the Carpinus betulus and Acer capadosicum species in the control area was significantly higher than that of the skidtrails. However, no significant difference was observed between these two places in terms of the regeneration of Fagus orientalis and Alnus subcordata species. There was no significant difference between the three slope classes investigated in terms of regeneration and bulk density, the percentage of soil porosity of skidtrails with two slope classes of 0-10 and 20-30% did not have significant differences (p>0.05). The result is that the time period of 10 years is not enough to recover the physical properties of the soil and establish the regeneration of the skidtrails in this area, and the slope of less than 30% does not have a significant effect on the recovery of the soil and the regeneration of the skidtrails.

Rice is one of the world's most commonly consumed cereals. Consequently, its contamination by food contaminants, including heavy metals, should be taken into consideration. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of heavy metal contamination in rice samples of Hashemi cultivar harvested randomly from three areas of Masal, SHANDERMAN, and Soomehsara in the west of Gilan province. In the second stage, the effect of two factors of soaking time of rice before cooking and cooking method (drained and boiled) on changes of heavy metals in consumed rice was evaluated. Following the preparation and digestion steps, the concentration of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, chromium and nickel) was determined using induced plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results showed that in comparison with the other two regions and the standard limit, the concentrations of Cr and Ni in rice harvested from the SHANDERMAN region (with 2. 1 and 1. 35 ppm, respectively), were significantly higher contamination. The results showed that washing and soaking the rice were very effective in reducing the heavy metal content. Moreover, cooking rice using the drainage method was more effective in reducing the concentration of heavy metals than the boiled method. Due to the difference in the effect of soaking treatments and different sintering methods in reducing the concentration of metals, using a combination of 3 consecutive washes and 6 hours of soaking and cooking in both methods is introduced as the most effective treatment in reducing the concentration of heavy metals.

Intermittent irrigation of paddy fields with long intervals can cause cracks in heavy soils, facilitate loss of water and finally damage the crop. This study was carried out in order to investigate the cracking trend and some other factors affecting soil cracking in four different physiographical areas of paddy field. The study areas were Rasht, SHANDERMAN, Astaneh and Khomam in Guilan province. The experiment was carried out in paddy fields with transplanted rice by determining the physical properties relevant to cracking behavior after irrigation withdrawal in the reproductive stage. Soil analysis showed that despite similarity in type of dominant minerals, the linear expansion coefficients of Rasht and Khomam soils were higher than those of two other areas. In addition, there was a significant relationship between crack dimensions and volumetric soil water content and clay content. Furthermore, the temporal variation in study of crack development (depth, width and density) showed that they varied in different areas and were affected by volumetric soil water content and the groundwater depth. In addition, the depth of cracks in all soils did not reach the hard pan. All the investigated soils showed a definite threshold for width and depth of cracks for 20-25 days after irrigation withdrawal. After this period, specific values for width (about 3.0, 2.0, 2.5, and 5.0 cm) and depth of cracks (20, 25, 17, and 27 cm) were registered for Astaneh, Khomam, SHANDERMAN and Rasht, respectively.