Achilles in the Odyssey prefers being a surf in the land of living to be a king in Hades. His attitude to heroism in The Odyssey contradicts his valorous character in The Iliad. Critics have viewed such contradiction as either a paradoxical rejection of heroism or a pessimistic view of death in general. This paper aims to look at the paradox from a different angle. It is the frozen nature of Hades that Achilles grieves most. In Hades, he is a psyche among other psyches who cannot fulfill any ideal including aristeia or to excel others. Hades is a place of stasis and passivity in sharp contrast to the moving world of the living. Achilles who once strove under the shining sun on the battlefield is now an idle shadow doing nothing. Thus, the stasis in Hades contrasts the strife in the living world and is the cause of Achilles’ paradoxical attitude to heroism.

and Objectives: One of the most commonly used concepts of Iranian Traditional Medicine (ITM) is movement and stasis of the body fluids, which has not yet been independently studied. In this article, ITM contents have been re-studied on this concept, and according to the dispersion of the content, classification and its therapeutic benefits have been mentioned. Methods: In this library research study, the contents related to “ movement and stasis of the body fluids” have been collected from ITM textbooks and recent academic papers. Results: In the traditional medicine references, movement and stasis of the body fluids has been discussed in a scattered manner under most of the topics and headlines of ITM. Seasonal changes, foods, medications, and severe physical and mental changes can be mentioned as important factors in movement and stasis of the body fluids. In existing literatures, some signs have been noted, which help to understand the movement or stasis of fluids or specific humor. On the other hands, movement or stasis of the fluids, which the most important of them are the four humors, can lead to physiological or pathological outcomes. Conclusion: The aforementioned issue is one of the most widely used concepts in ITM, which has not been scarcely discussed. Understanding the etiology of body fluids movement and stasis, its sign/symptoms, results, and complications, not only help to identify the causes of a large number of diseases, but also can help to maintain health and prevention of diseases. Moreover, this issue can be effectively and actively used in the treatment and control of treatment side effects.

Introduction: In daily practice, it is common to experience difficulty in treating decubitus ulcers (pressure ulcers, also known as decubitus ulcers) and stasis dermatitis of the lower limbs. We hereby report that omega-3-acid ethyl esters were remarkably effective when administered to cases of refractory pressure ulcers and stasis dermatitis for the purpose of improving the blood flow and promoting blood circulation.Case Presentation: Case 1: A 21-year-old Japanese female with lower-body paralysis. Pressure ulcers appeared on the heel and first toe of her left lower extremity. Although the patient had been treated with various ointments such as dimethyl isopropylazulene and 0.9% iodine-containing ointment, the course showed no improvement, so omega-3-acid ethyl esters was administered orally, completely healing the ulcer of the first toe in 10 weeks. Case 2: A 76-year-old Japanese male. The patient had been treated on an outpatient basis for 15 years due to hypertension, heart failure, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia. Two years prior to this presentation, stasis dermatitis occurred in the lower limbs and at the end of last year, erosive ulcers appeared on the front part of the lower-right thigh and shin. Although treatment with various topical ointment and dressings was performed, the course showed no improvement. Oral administration of omega-3-acid ethyl esters was initiated. At 12 weeks, his condition entered the white phase and healed almost completely.Conclusions: This report is the first to document other treatment possibilities for pressure ulcer and/or stasis dermatitis in cases where the use of topical applied ointments and medications is difficult. This new therapy may therefore help physicians to treat pressure ulcers and stasis dermatitis.

In the US, an estimated 1-2% of chronic venous insuffi ciency (CVI) patients (of 6-7 million nationwide) develop at least one venous stasis ulcer (VSU) during their illness. Of these, approximately 40% develop subsequent ulcers, making VSU prognostically poor. Current management of VSU is costly, with poor prognosis, high recurrence rate, inadequate pain management, and signifi cantly reduced quality of life (QoL). Topical volatile anesthetic agents, such as sevofl urane, off er improved pain relief and symptom control in patients suff ering from chronic VSU. The immediate impact of topical sevofl urane in reducing pain associated with ulcer bed debridement has several implications in improving the quality of life in patients with CVI induced ulcers and in the prognosis and healing of the ulcers. This review summarizes a topical formulation of a volatile anesthetic and its implications for the management of VSUs.

Context: The mobile right colon is a developmental aberration. During the development and rotation of the gut, the cecum and ascending colon are the last to take their final position and fuse with the posterior abdominal wall.Evidence Acquisition: Though a mobile right colon may be present in 20% - 30% of the population but causes symptoms in very few. The patients present intermittent colicky right lower quadrant abdominal pain with associated abdominal distention and symptomatic relief after passing flatus or having a bowel movement.Results: Non fixation along with heavy load of the right colon drags the cecum and ascending colon down and leads to stasis, obstruction or volvulus. The diagnosis of this entity is very difficult as radiological studies are not conclusive.Conclusions: The mobile colon syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis of right lower quadrant pain from obscure causes. A proper detailed history is a must to consider this as differential diagnosis. Laparoscopy offers diagnostic and therapeutic treatment. Colopexy provides dramatic relief in carefully selected patients.

It is well known that Solon put the cornerstone of the Athenian Democracy. When did he do it that like many other cities in Greece, Athens was subject to the crisis and on the brink of civil war. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of Solon for saving Athens from the crisis and leading it to such a political system that after him named the Athenian Democracy. To investigate it, first it is necessary to have a review of situation of Solon’s era and then, an attention to his viewpoint so that how Athens could be saved from that crisis. A survey of his viewpoint shows his utilization of mythical heritage, although, he used this heritage in order of his era’s need for enacting legislation that he named the just law or the good law. He enacted this law for preservation of the limits of citizens as well as giving them a political role so that, unlike the former traditional system, they would enjoy of a political role and responsibility. The effect of this was the first cornerstone for Athens to arrive to its Democracy.

Background: Chronic venous stasis ulcers of the leg are still a challenge in vascular surgery. Innovation of new surgical techniques using endoscopic instruments have ushered in a new era with less complications and better results. This study was designed to evaluate the safety and long-term outcomes of this technique for the first time in Iran.Methods: Subfascial endoscopic perforator vein surgery was performed on 10 legs in 8 patients who had signs of chronic venous insufficiency (between September 2001 and September 2003). Patients were followed up for a mean of period 12.5 months.Results: The operations were performed successfully in all patients. No serious complications occurred intraoperatively. There was no mortality or significant morbidity. Complete healing of skin ulcers was observed in 5 active and 2 healed ulcers in less than 12 weeks. There were 2 recurrences after 4 and 27 months, respectively.Conclusion: Subfascial endoscopic perforator surgery is a safe procedure for the treatment of venous stasis ulcers. Rapid ulcer healing can be expected in selected patients.