Introduction: The increasing growth of urbanization in recent decade and occurring most of the economic and social activities of human being in urban environments cause that the city is considered as a place a citizen spends much time and it is one of the effective and important places in which the majority of memories, experiences, emotions are formed. Thus, cities play important role in cultural construction and formation of individual and social personality of human being. Public spaces of city as composed of two elements of street and square are considered as the most important part of cities in which most routine activities of people are occurred and they play the important role in formation of social personality of human being. As urban streets cover 75% of cities are raised as the cultural symbol and defining the economic, social and cultural structure of city. Sometimes, they are the civil life position of city and occurrence of social activities of citizens in urban life and they are of great importance. Thus, organized design and their development make the social and cultural life quality of people more enriched. Today, the role of urban streets is weakened as a place for social interactions, visits, contacts and the gathering place of citizens due to the development of motorized vehicles. This caused that streets are turned into vehicle-based streets and they play communicative space role. To evaluate the quality of urban streets, based on the effective factors from the view of urban planners and considerable studies in this regard and the views of experts, Delphi method is applied to collect their views, 4 indices and 16 components as the criterion of selection of components, their share components from the view of theorists are considered in this study. These indices and components are shown in Table 1.

Streets name is not merely a tool for finding directions and have different social and political implications. Public place naming is important from a theoretical and practical point of view and given the importance, in this paper we study the street names of Rash a city in northern Iran. The process of street naming in terms of organizational functions and statistical distribution of street names according to the defined categories are focus of this paper. After a review of related theories and researches, all names of urban routes in the city of Rasht were extracted according to t he latest edition of the city map. The names were placed in defined categories. The most important finding of this study is that main streets are more affected by Islamic Revolution than secondary streets and alley. There are also some differences i n terms of socio-economic status of municipality regions and street names in Rasht.

An analysis of everyday use of mathematics by working youngsters in commercial transactions in Recife, Brazil, revealed computational strategies different from those taught in schools. Performance on mathematical problems embedded in real-life contexts was superior to that on school-type word problems and context-free computational problems involving the same numbers and operations. Implications for education are examined.

Today, the physical development of cities, the traffic volume, environmental pollution and general health of the citizens are the consequences of car-based approach in contemporary cities. With the entry of vehicles into different areas of the city, we see the subsequent interaction of cavalry and infantry due to the lack of sidewalks and walking spaces which impacts citizens’ health. Also, in the past few years, the significant reduction of walking activities has been considered as a safety hazard in medical science. Therefore, recent research on health that focused on physical activity and nutrition, as the most important factor affecting general health, have shown that walking is a valuable physical activity that can lead to general health of the community. However, in contemporary urban planning, pedestrian traffic and the normal rights of pedestrians, urban planners and planners are ignored and pedestrian roads are considered as a part of the vehicular movement rather than urban spaces. In fact, in the urban planning tradition, planning for vehicles has always been the planning priority. On the other hand, topics such as healthy city, walkable city, and sustainable city, which have been debated in modern urban planning in recent decades, have made urban managers to a have a new look to transportation system and prioritization of pedestrian-orinted design in urban spaces. In this paper, after defining and reviewing the history urban streets design approaches and different viewpoints of theorists such as Lynch, Jacobs, Appleyard and others, the history of the emergence of the pedestrian-orinted streets in Europe and Iran will be discussed. Then, the successful examples of pavements in the world and Iran are examined. According to experts such as Halperin, Gehl and Jacobs. The measures of pedestrian-orinted capability are defined in urban streets. The benchmarking indicators in this study have been based on field studies and studies of pedestrian design, which are detailed in the research theoretical fundamentals. Then some criteria are defined based on these indices. Finally, a conceptual model of the study is presented. According to this model, factors influencing the pedestrian-orinted capability in urban streets are categorized into two human and physical factors. The built environment is the most important factor in motivating people to embark on urban streets. Even those who enjoy taking a walk will walk further if there good places are available for walk. On the other hand, the design of the physical environment can encourage those who have a negative attitude toward walking. Therefore, the most important factors influencing the possibility of pedestrian-orinted functionality in pedestrian spaces and physical environments can be considered as the keypoints for prioritization of pedestrian-oriented design to encourage walking directions. The following can be mentioned as the most important physical factors: structural, aesthetic, functional and environmental factors. Among the human factors, one can mention collective memories, sense of place, security and social interactions. Although the pedestrian-orinted design is not a new topic, it is an interesting aspects of this research to consider the urban structure of the city of Hamedan with its six streets as pedestrian-orinted streets. Although all six streets are constructed in a certain period of time and are similar in terms of organization, all six streets can not be completely pedestrian-orinted simultaneously. Accordingly, this research will provide an appropriate strategy for urban planners to take the necessary measures in order to prioritize the development of the six streets by adopting appropriate measures in a long-term process. This article aims to define the streets and sidewalks and their formation histories, and uses archival research methods. A survey is prepared by a questionnaire with 37 questions from 382 pedestrians in six streets that start from Imam Square in Hamedan to assess and measure the spatial quality promotion of streets and to find the environmental variables influencing the level of activities. The results of the study show that the physical factors of main structural factors, functional factors, aesthetic factors, environmental factors and human factors consisting of safety, social interaction, sense of place and collective memory are the influential factors in prioritizing the pedestrian-oriented capability of city streets. According to results, the physical parameters should be prioritized on of Bu-Ali, Shariati, Takhti, Baba Taher, Ecbatan and Shohada Street respectively, and human indicators on Bu-Ali, Shariati, Baba Taher, Ecbatan, Shohada and Takhti Street should be prioritized.

Tehran as a metropolitan is faced with numerous traffic difficulties. One of the proposed solutions is building subway transit lines. Subway stations have some side effects on the peripheral streets, including taxi and private car parking violations around the stations’,entries. In this research, the effect of subway stations on the traffic of peripheral streets is studied. As a case study, one of the subway stations near the Tehran’, s emporium is studied. Field study is used for completing the researcher made questionnaire. Three samples are questioned including taxi drives, passengers and police officers. It has been shown that presence of taxis and car parking near the subway station entries has a negative effect on the peripheral streets,but none of these factors has an effect of more than 50 percent. In addition, according to the questioned persons, it is better that subway station entry to be in minor streets to avoid traffic congestion in the peripheral streets. In this research, it is shown that taxi drivers try to near the entry of stations as much as they could for taking the passengers up. Most of the subway passengers use taxis for continuing their trip.

Background and Objective: Growing urbanization has different consequences which one of them is increasing the temperature of cities thus, more usage of mechanical air-condition, more energy consumption and environmental and health consequences are inevitable. The necessity of thermal mitigating methods in designing sustainable cities, especially by adjusting received radiation, has been emphasized. Therefore, Sky View Factor (SVF) as a quantitative index has been proposed. Considering the fact that, urban streets have the largest area among other urban spaces and play an important role in thermal comfort in cities, streets in hot and dry climate (Isfahan) in two directions of N-S and E-W were selected. Method: In this study, field studies and simulation have been applied. Field study has been conducted in 17 streets with different width, closeness and green coverage, in summer 2014. . In ENVI-met 5 green arrangements in 3 closeness scale (1, 1/2, ¼ ) were simulated to investigate green and physical SVF separately. Data gathering, calculating SVF (Rayman has been applied in field study), homogenizing data and statistical and logical analysis between variations, in the procedure applied in both methods. Findings: The minimum SVF, which is effective to heat mitigation in Isfahan, is 0. 6, which can be greenery or buildings. In addition, the most effective SVF is less than 0. 2. As a result, Sabat with SVF equals to zero have been a traditional smart choice in this climate. Discussion and Conclusion: Finally, the results indicate a relatively high accuracy of three methods in estimating the transmission potential for land use and land cover changes, but according to the kappa coefficients, the accuracy of Similarity Weighted Instance based Learning method more than the other two methods.

Today, urban traffic management is known as the most important factor affecting the livability of urban streets. But along with that, other environmental-physical factors also have a great effect on the livability and quality of these kinds of public realms. This paper aims to identify and evaluate environmental and physical factors affecting the livability and quality of urban streets and its impact on perceptions of street users. An exploratory sequential mixed method was adopted as the methodology of this research. Besides, the required data are collected through library resources and field surveys. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and Spearman correlation coefficient in SPSS software. Findings of the research indicate that there is a significant relationship between the livability of the studied streets and some physical-environmental problems like poor lighting, improper walkway paving, improper and inadequate vegetation, low width of sidewalks, inadequate facilities for disabled people, and improper access to public transportation, inadequate parking spaces, traffic congestion, inadequate public services and maintenance. In fact, the quality and livability of these streets are decreased with the increase of such problems. Moreover, the analysis of street users' perception of the livability and quality of the streets indicates a higher level of livability in Nader Street. Extended Abstract 1-Introduction A "livable urban street" is an urban space in which the presence of a significant number of people and their diversity (in terms of age and gender) over a wide range of days, will be seen when their activities are mainly selective or social (khastoo, Rezvani, 1389: 66). According to the above definition, the street of the city is recognized as the main symbol of the social interactions that the streets of the world's prestigious cities have usually benefited from. However, our country, Iran has always faced difficulties and deep issues mostly due to over-physical development, lack of proper planning, and the application of some non-principled policies and procedures in facing urban streets and ignoring its central role in creating an environment for pause and social interactions. Lack of attention to urban furniture, lack of variety of activities during different hours of the day, lack of appropriate lighting and vegetation, lack of easy access to public transportation and parking space are a part of environmental problems which affect the active participation of the people, leading to the livability of the urban streets and the physical and mental health of citizens. Considering the above-mentioned cases, the importance of the studied arterial streets in terms of high daily traffic of citizens and their significant presence in these spaces, the presence of identity elements like HOLY SHRINE, the traditional market in the studied areas, the promotion of physical-environmental quality and its impact on the livability of the streets and perception of users are of great importance. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to identify the environmental and physical problems of the streets of the Nader and Enghelab of the city of Sari and assess their impact on the quality and livability of these streets. 2-Materials and Methods An exploratory sequential mixed method was adopted as the methodology of this research. The quantitative and qualitative approaches were taken separately to answer the research questions. Studied streets’ environmental-physical features were considered as independent variables and their quality and livability were taken as dependent variables. Direct observation was accompanied by photographs and field notes to collect the qualitative data reaching an accurate visual appraisal of the studied streets’ physical-environmental problems. The studied streets were visited at different times, during the night, day, weekends, raining times and special events of the year to make sure that the quality of all attributes are examined and all problems are identified. At the second phase, questionnaires were designed specifically for each street. This questionnaire survey tended to uncover the users’ view point towards the identified physical-environmental problems of these spaces and their impact on streets’ livability. The analysis of physical-environmental impacts on the quality and livability of streets were analyzed by applying descriptive statistics and spearman coefficient correlation among the research streets’ quality and livability as the dependent variables and physical-environmental streets problems as the independent variable. 3-Results and Discussion The related findings to the streets were evaluated in order to have a better understanding of the effects of environmental-physical factors on the livability and the quality of urban streets. The results of the correlation analysis in streets showed that the problems like improper walkway paving, poor lighting, improper and inadequate vegetation, low width of sidewalks, inadequate facilities for disabled people, improper access to public transportation, inadequate parking spaces, traffic congestion, inadequate public services and maintenance had negative correlation with the livability of both studied streetscapes. Research shows that traffic congestion and inadequate parking space, as two important factors, strongly affect the deterioration of livability in both studied streets. In terms of green space, insufficient vegetation in Enghelab Street has a negative effect on the livability of this street. 4-Conclusion In connection with identified problems, four operational recommendations are presented to improve the environmental-physical quality of the streets which can be generalized to other arterial streets of Sari. The first action plan is the provision of facilities such as suitable street furniture and seating, adequate shelter, facilities for disabled people and adequate parking space. The second one is the quality enhancement of existing facilities and services like public transportation systems, public services, landscaping and planting. The third is the redesign, renovation, maintenance of some elements, like pavements, old and abandoned buildings and facades, and the reduction of the contrast between the architectural styles of new and old buildings. Besides, preserving and improvement of historical attractions and identification of the old fabric of Sari city as the center of the social life, utilization of valuable historical buildings and environments, maintaining and developing public services, open and green urban spaces, allocation of valuable urban environments(pathways and historical open spaces), allocation of pathways in the textures passing through the main historical passages and YAHYA holy shrine area and traditional market, in modern pattern combined with the existing structure of the city will play a significant role in enhancing the vitality and quality of the studied streets. Additionally, the government must educate people on urban maintenance and cleaning issues. Without people taking care, municipalities will not be able to keep the city livable and clean. Furthermore, education is needed to encourage the use of public transportation, although private vehicles and walkability promotion would be effective in preserving and restoring of urban streets livability. The supervision and law enforcement in city image field is another municipalities role which should be taken more seriously.

The streets' names bear combine the political questions of the cities' history and political geography. Any move to change the names of the streets openly leaves a major impact on the revolutionary changes a political regime undergoes, so changing or replacing the streets' previous names reflects the new or current political power structure.The present article displays the process by which the previous names of  streets in Tehran, as the capital city of the Islamic Republic of Iran -instead of the capital city of Iran under Monarchy Dynasty- have changed into new ones after the Islamic Revolution. It also echoes the ramifications of the transformation as the shining example of the Islamic Republic. This paper has attempted to review why and how streets’ naming occurred in Tehran after Islamic revolution. The article has also looked into the role factors such as ideological will, political structure, war, religion, etc can play as controller and director factors in the process of changing the streets' names in Tehran. The present article is kind of applied papers and accomplish through analytical-descriptive method by using library and archive resources. The findings show the names of streets due to war (names of shohada) are the steadier names after revolution whereas the most instable names are disrelation to political ideological of revolution.