The importance of SUSTAINABILITY development for developing countries and their tourism is a major issue. This study presents a new approach and framework for spatial modelling of tourism products potentials (TPP) in their SUSTAINABILITY evaluation. The approach was developed based on the GIS multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) and its performance was evaluated for spatial TPP mapping in Tabriz city, Iran. To achieve this purpose, we recognized the main Components of Tourism Development indicators (CTDI) such as attractions, accommodation, services and infrastructures facilities to improving sustainable tourism, and determined their significance using the Geographic information systems (GIS). Furthermore, the uncertainty analyze was applied to diminish the inherent error in criteria weights. A GIS-based aggregation function was applied to discern the TPP map. Finally, the emphasis in this paper investigates the practical usage of GIS for the benefit of sustainable tourism development. In particular, it inquired the possible opportunities and challenges facing the adoption of GIS to assist sustainable tourism development. The purpose of this article is to map and explore existing and potential attractions, tourism services and facilities in Tabriz and to ensure that potential opportunities are available for all tourists to enjoy enjoyable experiences in order to reveal their diverse economic, social, political and cultural benefits. Build on the positive and negative aspects of their construction and present them with appropriate solutions for tourism development that lead to sustainable tourism development and infrastructure improvement.

The maritime transport industry, often referred to as the backbone of global trade, plays a pivotal role in facilitating the movement of goods across international markets. Despite its importance, the industry is plagued by several persistent challenges that hinder its operational efficiency and SUSTAINABILITY. Among the most critical are the imbalance of empty containers, environmental degradation due to emissions and fuel consumption, and inefficiencies in port operations. These issues collectively pose serious implications for cost management, environmental impact, and service reliability. In an effort to address these concerns, this paper proposes a novel multi-objective mathematical model that seeks to optimize three primary goals in an integrated manner: maximizing economic profitability, minimizing the imbalance of empty containers, and enhancing environmental SUSTAINABILITY. The model is designed to reflect real-world shipping dynamics, incorporating the interactions between liner and feeder ships, multiple sea routes, and various types of ports, including hub, feeder, and satellite ports. To demonstrate the practical applicability and robustness of the model, a case study is conducted on a representative shipping network involving selected ports in the Middle East and East Asia. The model is implemented using the General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS), and its outputs are analyzed across three distinct time periods. Results indicate a significant reduction in the number of empty containers, along with concurrent improvements in both cost-effectiveness and environmental performance indicators. Additionally, a comprehensive sensitivity analysis underscores the pivotal role of ship capacity in influencing system outcomes. However, it also reveals that improvements in a single dimension are insufficient for holistic system optimization. Effective and sustainable management of maritime transport requires a multidimensional strategy that balances economic, environmental, and operational factors. The proposed model offers valuable insights for decision-makers aiming to improve the resilience and SUSTAINABILITY of global shipping networks.

Water reservoir systems have important role to control the surface water and provide various demands, such as irrigation, domestic, industrial and hydroelectric power generation. Therefore, it is necessary to study the behavior of these systems to provide demand satisfactorily. Assessment the reservoir system behavior during the drought periods is very important. Water release, always is less then the demand during the drought period. This study, assess the performance of within-year and over-year reservoir systems under different values of vulnerability index. SUSTAINABILITY index was used to obtain the optimal performance of reservoir systems. Reservoir system was simulated using modified SPA method. Assessment of reservoir performance under different values of vulnerability index in sites showed that the SUSTAINABILITY for within-year system is generally maximum at 25% vulnerability and for over-year system is maximum at 35%-40% vulnerability.

A B S T R A C TThe purpose of this study is to measure the level of SUSTAINABILITY of residential complexes in Gorgan and to identify the impact of social capital and its dimensions on the concept of housing SUSTAINABILITY. The research method is descriptive and survey type. The statistical population of the research includes all the residential complexes of Gorgan city, of which 268 cases were determined using Cochran's formula as a statistical sample and were selected and studied using the two-stage cluster sampling method.. A researcher-made questionnaire with an answer package was used to collect data. Its validity was confirmed using the formal method and its reliability using Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the concept of social capital (α = 0.879) and housing SUSTAINABILITY (α = 0.810), respectively. The findings showed that there is a significant positive relationship between social capital and its dimensions with the dependent variable, i.e. housing SUSTAINABILITY variable and its four dimensions. The results showed that the integrated model in the present study was able to explain the relationship between social capital and the concept of housing SUSTAINABILITY to an acceptable extent. Therefore, this model can be useful for other urban areas of the countryExtended AbstractIntroductionThe home is the source and destination of all human life; and man leaves it for work and social activity, and after doing it and gaining experience, he returns home. Therefore, the category of housing is a broad and complex category that has various dimensions. This concept, in addition to the place in the physical concept, includes all the services and facilities needed by an individual or family that need it to live. To this end, housing planning requires in-depth studies in various social, cultural and historical fields. Today, the mere attention to the economy, many human, social, indigenous and cultural values have been lost in the course of these unprincipled constructions that have grown and are growing at an unprecedented rate. Hence, housing architecture does not simply mean designing or constructing space for human life; For this reason, in housing architecture, especially social housing, apart from the design of human habitation, other dimensions of human life and habitation must also be considered. Based on what has been mentioned, in our country, today most of the economic dimension and consequently a small increase in the construction and architecture of residential complexes and other dimensions of sustainable development, including social, cultural, physical and The environment is neglected. Lack of adequate housing, as housing that has the least incompatibility with the natural environment around it and in a wider area with the region and the world; it creates problems for the city and its residents. Meanwhile, residential complexes in Gorgan are no exception to this rule. Complexes that are designed with only the economic dimension in mind, the result of which is the construction of housing in different parts of the city, which has the least coordination and compatibility with other aspects of sustainable development. Given the above, the importance of the present study, attention to the principles of sustainable development and the need to create and expand social capital for human societies, in the space that was drawn is very important. MethodologyAccording to the purpose of the research and the level of data analysis, the survey method has been used to collect data. For this purpose, a researcher-made questionnaire was used to obtain information. The statistical population of the study includes all residential complexes in Gorgan. The sample size is 268 based on Cochran's logical formula. Two-stage cluster random sampling method is used. So that the statistical population is divided into clusters and homogeneous groups and then the quota of groups or clusters is determined in proportion to the frequency distribution of each cluster. In the next step, residential complexes are selected as a statistical sample from each cluster. To verify the validity of the tool, the formal validation method (referring to professors and specialists) has been used. Cronbach's alpha method was also used to determine the reliability of the instrument. Results and discussionAccording to the results of t-test, it can be said that the social capital index is not desirable. The average of social capital index is lower than the hypothetical average. This means that the amount of social capital of the residents of residential complexes in Gorgan is not at the desired level. This is if the level of stability of residential complexes in Gorgan is at a desirable level. Also, there is a significant relationship between housing SUSTAINABILITY and social capital. And the order of the effect of social capital variable on the dimensions of economic, social, physical and environmental SUSTAINABILITY. Based on the results of the probability ratio of the Chi-square value model is less than 0.01, it can be said that the regression model is a good model in which independent variables are well able to explain the changes of the dependent variable. The results of hierarchical regression analysis showed that the estimated value of the social interaction variable is equal to 1.184, which shows that assuming the effect of all model variables remains constant, an increase in the independent social interaction variable increases by 1.184 units. In logarithmic ratios, the dependent variable (housing stability) will be associated. Prioritization of the effectiveness of the studied factors indicates that the factor of formal participation has the first place in determining the SUSTAINABILITY of housing. After this factor, the mental class factor is in the second place, then the residential home ownership factor is in the third place. ConclusionOne of the issues that has attracted everyone's attention in recent decades is housing and its sustainable development, which is in line with human development. An important point that has been addressed in the documents of the Second Human Settlement Summit is the importance of the role of sustainable housing and the provision of adequate housing for the people in the development process. Various factors such as architectural style, climate, geography and customs are influential in housing design in different places. In the meantime, the role of social factors or in other words social capital cannot be ignored; Because social capital is rooted in the structure and social norms of society and is generally a combination of trust, communication network, social norms and social relations at the individual and community level. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study is to measure the social capital of residents and the SUSTAINABILITY of residential complexes in Gorgan. Based on the results, the four dimensions of the dependent variable are affected by the social capital variable. This means that the existence of concepts such as trust, interaction, participation, etc. in residential complexes, can provide the stability of the residential complex. As long as the residents of a complex have an effective and reciprocal relationship with each other, the stability of the residential complex is provided; Residents to protect the complex facilities, provide security, visual beauty, hygiene and cleanliness, rehabilitate or create space Green and ... will interact and participate with each other.FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Assessment of agriculture SUSTAINABILITY and recognizing weaknesses and strengths in each region can help legislators in adopting policies and strategies that correspond to the current situation. The purpose of this study is to assess the Iran’ s agriculture SUSTAINABILITY through sustainable agriculture indicators in five groups economic, social, environmental, technical and policy. In order to achieve this goal, using a stable composite index and measurement of weights based on the Analytical Hierarchy Process method, the overall level of agriculture SUSTAINABILITY has been determined for the first time in during the period of 2005-2015. The results showed that the agriculture SUSTAINABILITY combined index in Iran whit a mean of 0. 521 is in the average level of SUSTAINABILITY and the trend of this index over the years studied has increased from 0. 41 to 0. 65 at a rate of 0. 415. The provinces of Fars, Khorasan Razavi and East Azarbayegan have the best stability status respectively with 0. 683, 0. 653 and 0. 625 and the provinces of Sistan and Baluchestan, South Khorasan and Hormozgan with 0. 348, 0. 374 and 0. 397 have the weakest agriculture SUSTAINABILITY respectively. According to the average level of agricultural SUSTAINABILITY, is necessary to the custodians of the agriculture sector with invest in production infrastructure such as seed, fertilizer, use of modern irrigation systems and appropriate agricultural method take steps for agricultural SUSTAINABILITY development.

The crisis of environment degradation is one of factors that have raised the problem of how to make development sustainable while considering limitations. Trying to solve this problem itself, however, raises another problem: out of the two fields of economics and ecology which one should determine the policy-making for sustainable development. At last, thinking about this led me to the question whether SUSTAINABILITY constrains development, and if yes how. The aim of the research reflected in this paper was to find the answers to these problems and questions in the course of explaining the context of their emergence. The method was to analyze, explain, and infer implications of the theories and comparing them: firstly, the concepts or criteria of SUSTAINABILITY in some important expert fields of knowledge were analyzed and explained so that the status of the ecological concept of SUSTAINABILITY in the mainstream sustainable development becomes clear; secondly, I turned to drawing the implications of important theories in ecology – climax theory, ecosystem theory, permissive ecology theory– for SUSTAINABILITY criterion, and comparing them; finally the recent economic theories of SUSTAINABILITY were analyzed and explained and their consequences for SUSTAINABILITY were inferred. Through all these stages I sought to answer the question whether SUSTAINABILITY constrains development, if yes how, and different criteria were compared in this regard. This study made it clear that (1) in the context of sustainable development, two fields of knowledge have been the most decisive fields in determining the criterion of SUSTAINABILITY: ecology and economics; (2) the SUSTAINABILITY that resulted from ecosystem theory constrains development; (3) but permissive ecology theory cannot regard nature as a norm or criterion for development; (4) permissive ecology’ s diluted concept of SUSTAINABILITY leaves development primarily unconstrained; (5) in sustainable development SUSTAINABILITY now has become mainly an economic concept; (6) while strong SUSTAINABILITY has considerable capacity for constraining development, weak SUSTAINABILITY is lacking in this regard.

The rapid development of urbanization has led to an increase in demand for infrastructure such as drinking water supply, electricity grid and the creation of transportation facilities, etc. The inadequacy of the existing system or parallel management in the urban traffic management sector has increased the gap between demand and supply of transportation facilities. The consequences of an unsustainable transportation system in urban areas are bordering on threatening human health. As a result, the need to pay attention to urban planning and management was raised. The purpose of this article is to examine the role and importance of developing sustainable urban transportation to reduce urban problems and consequently improve the quality of urban life. The type of research is applied, and the research method is descriptive and analytical, and interview and questionnaire tools have been used in line with the research objectives. It has also been collected and analyzed through statistical data and documents available in relevant departments and organizations. The results of statistical analysis showed that there is a close relationship between urban transportation SUSTAINABILITY and the environmental dimension. There is also a significant relationship between urban transportation SUSTAINABILITY and the social dimension. Finally, it is concluded that by planning based on understanding urban space, it is possible to create the basis for the proper development of cities and the comfort of citizens.