The main objective of this research was to evaluate reliability and validity of Recovery Stress Questionnaire for Athlestes (Rest Q-Sport). Professional and semi-professional athletes of handball and basketball constitute statistical population of current work. Some 510 athletes were chosen in random as statistical samples. Measurement tool used was a Rest Q-Sport comprised of 76 questions with 19 sub scales (general stress, emotional stress, social stress, struggle/strain, fatigue, energy deficiency, physical problems, success, social recovery, physical recovery, general health, sleep quality, impaired relaxation, emotional fatigue, injury, physical fitness, personal problems, self-efficacy, self-regulation). The scoring method was based on a 5-choiced Likert scale. Face and content validity of the questionnaire was verified after being translated by expert professors of physical exercise. Statistical methods applied were descriptive indexes for description of data, Cronbach’s alpha for reliability assessment, confirmatory factor analysis, and t individual samples for studying difference with average values. Research findings were indicative of a=0.98 reliability for Rest Q-Sport. All questions showed significant relations with the factor in terms of structure validity and based on the extent of relations and T-values. Indexes of x2/df=2.03, RMSEA=0.052, NFI=0.97, NNFI=0.93, IFI=0.98, RFI=0.91, GFI=0.93, AGFI=0.90 also demonstrated fitness of the model altogether. Moreover, regarding the relation between factors and concept of improved stress for athletes, the obtained results indicated that all factors were able to predict the concept of improved stress well. Therefore, internal and external validities of the model “improved stress for athletes” were confirmed as well.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between sport orientation and competitive anxiety in male and female athletes of team and individual sports who participated in 10th student sport Olympiad (1389). The present study was descriptive and correlation method was used. For this purpose, 688 subjects (337 females and 351 males) were selected as the sample by simple random sampling method. All subjects in the sport camp filled out Gill sport orientation and a few hours before the competition, they filled out Martin's competitive anxiety questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed by multivariate regression analysis, multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) and independent t test. The results showed that sport orientation could predict competitive anxiety. In fact, when competitiveness and goal orientation increased, competitive anxiety reduced while when win orientation increased, competitive anxiety increased as well. Female athletes were more anxious than males (P=0.001). Those subjects who were a member of individual sports had more competitive anxiety than team sports (P=0.004). Male athletes were more competitive and win oriented than female athletes while female athletes were more goal oriented than male athletes (P=0.002). However, there was no significant difference in sport orientation between team and individual sports (P>0.05).

The aim of this research is to study the traditional Iranian sport (Zurkhaneh). Researcher has tried to study the origin, formation and development of this political and sociological event in Iran. In past, the human had to be strong to carry out his / her daily life duties. Training of the body and development of physical fitness copied from the Mother Nature has directed her / him to exercise and gradually this exercise was organized and became a sport. Sport in most ancient countries such as Egypt, Iran, Greece, China, etc. was popular. In past, Iran had some religious beliefs (Avesta's book), illness was related to Ahriman (Satan) and by him illness could be imposed to human body. Therefore, it was Iranian's duties to fight against this Ahriman (illness). On the other hand, all Iranian families had responsibility to teach their children an exercise / sport. A review of literature in Iran shows a lot of information on this matter before and after Islam era. The kings and public champions used to make up some kind of relation between them and the national and ancient heroes. So, they could convince the public that their power and position is confirmed by the national heroes. Evolution in Zurkhaneh (from political and socilogical point of view) has two theories: 1. first theory believe that Zurkhaneh has a very long history as long as Iranian nation and Iran. 2. Second theory believes that the history of Zurkhaneh in Iran is not more than 300 years.

Today the role of sports and physical activities are going beyond an exercise or a kind of entertainment, and has various health, social, cultural, economic, and most importantly political and international functions. The widely spread around the world; sport has become as an international instrument in international relations. The internationalization of some kind of sports has led many countries to see international sports competition as a field to advance their national interests and political goals. In this context, the concept of sports diplomacy beside other types of diplomacy has emerged. This paper investigates the role of sports in particular, major international sporting events in advancing countries’ diplomatic goals.

Innovation, creativity and change are the key elements and unavoidable factors in sport. The importance of this issue encourages us to study sport from the point of view of entrepreneurship. During the recent years, spreading the sport management and development of entrepreneurship have created a new frame work in sport in a way that a new approach has been appeared regarding sport management and entrepreneurship. For this reason this article aims to study the relationship between entrepreneurship and sport in order to spread and develop the theory of entrepreneurship in sport management. Through studying the information gained in economics and sports marketing, we have been given the opportunity to identify the Innovations, proactiveness and risk taking in sport from which the dimensions of entrepreneurship has been out broke in this domain. Moreover, the current article implicitly points out the study related gap between entrepreneurship and sport management by introducing the different kinds of entrepreneurship existing in sport and sport management domains. Finally, suggestions are discussed for future studies.

The aim of this study was to identify sport marketing barriers in Iran from sport managers’ perspectives. The statistical population involved top managers of Sport and Youth Ministry, National Olympic Committee and sport federations (N=80). Sample was equal to the population and 67 questionnaires were returned correctly. A researcher-made questionnaire (with 40 items) was used to measure sport marketing barriers in five factors including economic, legal, managerial, structural and environmental. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 10 experts and its reliability was obtained as 0.86 in a pilot study. Data analysis showed that sport marketing barriers in Iran were respectively legal, structural, managerial, environmental and economic. So, sport politicians must consider these barriers before designing sport marketing development strategies and determining their priorities.

The study is to clarify the status of sport and the needs of Urmia citizens to sports spaces. The research was conducted as a descriptive survey and field. The population of the investigation was all over 20 yearold Urmia citizens who had at least a high school degree and 368 samples were chosen based on a Morgan.To collect the data, a questionnaire assessment of citizens in public sports- by Majid Heydari Chrudeh (1390) - with reliability a=0.72 was used. This research is descriptive and inferential statistics (t-test and test, regression analysis multiple, Friedman test) was used. The results showed that, given the amount of F, there are significant differences (P<0.05) between the components of research among the citizens in terms of revenue (F=23.40), regional (F=6.82) and education (F=23.04). Also according to the t, there is not any significant differences (P<0.05) between the components of research among employees in terms of marital status (t=-1.76). Yet on the demographic characteristics gender (t=4.78) difference is significant. Friedman test results showed that the unevenness of the sidewalks and running the first priority, and the lack of space for families and not enough space for seniors to second and third, respectively the needs of the citizens. Therefore, it can be concluded that the authorities should adequately note about the result of the research in the field of sport for the development of quantitative and qualitative health of citizens apply.

Introduction: Man-made attractions are created by mankind interference. They account for a wide range of geographical landscapes. Sport complexes are some good examples. Sport tourism is a new branch of ecotourism that is quite well-known among people worldwide. It includes active and inactive sports and games by making use of natural attractions such as Skiing, swimming, climbing, hiking and so on. Sport tourism is a critically important branch of tourism that has been of effect not only on making currency and job opportunities but also in developing health and culture in different regions in last few decades. So tourism development in general and sport tourism development in particular, has been of concern for planners and policy makers of regions enjoying environmental attractions, Alimoradian cultural and sport complex has a beautiful view, magnificent architecture, well equipped with sport facilities offering world-class standard services has paved the way for tourism absorption to Nahavand. This survey is to deal with introducing Damavand tourism potentials as well as Alimoradian cultural and sport complex and to provide with practical approaches developing sport tourism, creating job vacancies, improving economic level of the town. Study area, Nahavand is located in south west of Hamadan Province. Its geographical coordinates is between 34 degree and 8 minute to 34 degree and 12 minute of northern latitude, 48 degree and 20 minute to 48 degree and 24 minute of eastern longitude. The city is 1740 meter above the sea level. Chehel Nabalegan Mount is the highest point in the region with 3487 meters above the sea level. The mount overlooks Gamasiab River Headwater and the lowest point is the exit of Gamasiab River from the Province with 1420 meter high above the sea level. Alimoradian cultural and sport complex has been constructed on the city ring road in eastern part of the city. Its measure is 136000m2. It construction started in 1992 and the project completion was conducted in some phases including: 1) multipurpose indoor hall, 2) open grounds for exercising and match, 3) indoor swimming pool 4) multipurpose indoor hall. Methodology: It is a descriptive, analytic survey based on field visits and questionnaires completion. Its sample group includes 100 people selected from sport men and women, experts and sport tourists as the group number was not definite Morgan sampling size table was applied to choose the cases randomly. The variables were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using SPSS (Version 21). to check the data equality of continuous, Kolmogorov– Smirnov test (K– S test or KS test) was used and to analyze the research hypothesis T-test was used. the results revealed that the sport potentials of the province have not been recognized properly and also the research showed that sport complexes establishment could be of great effect in sport tourism development. In case the sport tourism development is quite organized it can make job vacancies and improve the economic conditions of the area. Results and discussion: Taking T-test results analysis of Nahavand sport potentials as well as tourism sport capabilities into account revealed that its significant level is less than 5%. It show a significant difference to the considered mean. It signifies improper evaluation of the area sport tourism potentials so there is an urgent need to conduct a scientific research in order to develop the sport complexes and sport tourism facilities. The significant level less than 5% and its significant difference to the considered mean, clearly proves the impact of sport complexes development like Alimoradian cultural and sport complex on sport tourism development as well as making job vacancies and improving the economic conditions of the area. Conclusion: Based on the survey findings, great many of developing countries use sport tourism as a magnet for tourist absorption and making use of its economic benefits. The obtained results shows a sort of cause and effect relations between tourism and economic development and there is a long term balance between these two. Nowadays sport tourism is a seriously concerned as a mean for sustainable economic development. Due to great number of fans and its economic benefits for improving welfare as well as job creation ability of sport tourism, it has been on agenda for development in a lot of regions of the world particularly where economic development has more constraints. Although, sport tourism can be short-term And seasonal but in some regions it accounts for more than half of annual local communities income. Hence great many of countries attempt to host sport events and absorb tourists to have a bigger share of its income. Up to now great many of studies have been conducted on the impacts of holding sport events and sport tourism advantages but most of them have been focused on the role and position of sport tourism on tourism development.

The purpose of this study was to develop a model for the development of sport psychology in Iranian professional sport. The research method was mixed. The statistical population of the study consisted of experts with knowledge of the subject. Data gathering tools were interviews and questionnaires. The results showed that causal factors had a significant effect on the main phenomenon. The results also showed that the main effect was on strategies as well as the underlying conditions and had a significant effect on plans of action. The results of the present study also indicated that strategies have a significant impact on outcomes. The results of the research fit indices showed that the research model had a good fit. Therefore, in the path of development of sport psychology in professional sport in Iran, implementing the identified strategies in a proper manner is of the utmost importance.