Objective: Life insurance in Iran is not only not well-developed but also at low risk of early surrender, causing long-term disruption to insurance companies and insurers' dissatisfaction. This is due to the difficult rules of early life insurance surrender. In recent years, there has been a lot of effort in the insurance industry to increase the share of the life insurance portfolio. Currently, this share is negligible compared to global statistics, and some of them are surrendered annually. Regarding the fact that the researches in the field of life insurance all had a backward perspective and none of them sought to predict this behaviour in the customers, this research aims to measure the tendency of people to life insurance surrender, by independent variables including fatalism, social capital, awareness of the benefits of life insurance, the value of life insurance benefits to the individual, the sense of political security, the sense of economic security, occupational security and contextual variables, and thus the prediction of life insurance surrendering behaviour in life insurance policyholders. Method: The method used in this study is correlation and regression tests. Findings: According to the research findings, which is based on a sample of 400 policyholders of the life insurance of one insurance company in 2011-2016, there is only a direct relationship between social capital with a tendency to surrender, and other variables had inverse relationships with it. Also, the hypothesis of the existence of an inverse relationship between the tendency to surrender with economic security was rejected. Among the contextual variables, the level of education has the strongest relationship with the tendency to surrender, which is also inverse. In addition, according to the results of the regression test, among the variables studied, the fatalism variable is the most powerful in the tendency to life insurance surrender, and afterwards, the value of life insurance benefits and a sense of political security. The variables of hope for future and sense of economic security have the least overall effect and have less explanatory power than the other variables. Conclusion: Therefore, given the importance of the value of life insurance benefits, insurers and life insurance salespeople should do their best to understand the real benefits of life insurance coverage to the customer or life insurance insurer. To do this, continuous training of agents and brokers, as well as the use of control mechanisms to ensure that life insurance vendors are properly informed about the benefits of insurance, have special importance.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Life insurance has a very low adoption rate in Iran, mainly due to policy surrender. This research aims to analyze the individual characteristics and insurance contract features that influence the surrendering of term life insurance policies.METHODS: The study utilizes a pilot database of 35,171 policy-holders and pensioners registered by an Iranian insurance company in 2021. Data mining, deep learning, and neural network algorithms are used for analysis due to their high accuracy in prediction:FINDINGS: The model demonstrates desirable performance based on evaluation metrics with a 74 percent accuracy in predicting both types of surrendered and non-surrendered insurance policies. The model performs better in predicting non-surrendered insurance policies more attention is given to interpreting those results. Despite imbalanced data, the model still performs well. In the dataset, surrendered policies make up only 3 percent of the total, leading to bias towards predicting the majority class. Nonetheless, the model accurately predicts and categorizes most surrendered policies, covering 59 percent of the total 244 cases.CONCLUSION: The results indicate that certain demographic characteristics, such as age, female gender, health surcharge, and accident risk rate, as well as specific contract characteristics, including policy term, time since start date, longer premium payment methods, higher annual increase in capital and premium, fewer covered risks, and lower benefits, are negatively correlated with policy surrender. Furthermore, the results suggest that if the insured person is the policy surrender themselves, the probability of surrender is minimized. On the other hand, if the insured person is someone else, especially distant relatives, the probability of surrender increases.

The present article has three parts. In the first part, the notion of “surrender” in Masnavi and Gita Bhashya are examined, which its conclusion is that the real dignity for man is surrendering to God. In the second part, the nature of this surrender and its hierarchy in the books in question is discussed. It is shown that the low degree of surrender is obtained by asceticism and training the soul, but the high level is because of the grace of God. In the third part of the article, we consider the interpretation of surrender, which shows that in these books, surrender means forgetting planning and willing and sheltering to God (surrendering to God vs. relying on philosophical thoughts).

Iran was occupied by the Allies in the World War II in August 1941. At this time no social force resistant against foreign forces showed up. This is while Iranian social forces had shown serious resistances against the foreigners in the Qajar era or in theyears following World War Ι. This article using Mill’s comparative-historical method tries to focus on this problem, and specially tries to study public social forces of resistance against foreigners in the Qajar era. These social forces include Clergymen, "Luti"s, guilds and leaders of tribes. Then the situation of these social forces will be traced in Reza-Shah era. This paper claims that the reason Iranians surrendered to Allies invasion’s forces, and social force even did not try to resist against them, was that they were weakened and suppressed during 16 years of domination of Reza-Shah in Iran.

Objective: Surrender of life insurance is one of the issues in the insurance industry, which causes dissatisfaction of customers, their misadvertisement, disturbance of companies' investment plans, lowering the GDP of the country, etc. Since most research focused on considering life insurance surrender from an economic perspective, the main goal of this study was to provide a comprehensive explanation of the causes that would lead to the surrender of life insurance policies in Iran. Methodology: Therefore, the present study, using a qualitative method and using the grounded theory strategy (Strauss & Corbin's approach), has estimated the causal conditions, interactions and consequences of the surrender of life insurance by policyholders. Findings: Research data was obtained through interviews with top-level staff and surrender officers of life insurance in insurance companies operating in Iran. Conclusion: The results show that the causal conditions include dimensions related to the life insurance structure, intervening conditions including dimensions related to the insurer and the insured, and ground conditions including aspects related to the structure of the Iranian society, which would lead to life insurance surrender. With interactions including re-consultation and provision of facilities or lack of consultation, the consequences include cancelation of the surrender and the satisfaction and continuity of life insurance or surrender, dissatisfaction, loss of trust from the insurer and viral advertising against the insurer, respectively. In addition, certain conditions such as economic or political instability at macro level and the policyholder job status and her/ his income at micro level, as well as the substantial characteristics of life insurance such as complexity, being long-term and intangibility, affect life insurance surrender. Accordingly, it is suggested that the training of agents and other sales intermediaries and their ethical behavior be considered by insurers.

To increase the share of life insurance from the written insurance premium of commercial insurance and also considering the necessity of keeping life insurance customers by insurance companies, it is necessary to investigate the causes of surrendering life insurance and provide solutions to prevent it. Based on this, the aim of this paper is to investigate the surrender of life insurance and analyze the corporate and economic factors affecting it in Iran's insurance industry. In order to respond to this goal, the effort is to first identify the micro-corporate factors as well as the economic factors affecting the surrender of life insurance and evaluate and analyze the effectiveness of each factor. Then, the information available in this field is examined separately for Iran's insurance companies and analyzed at micro and macro levels, and finally, operational solutions and necessary measures to reduce surrendering the life insurance are presented.

Life insurance policy surrender is one of the main challenges in enhancing penetration rate and life insurance development; so a proper understanding of motives, quality and process of the surrender behavior can help insurers to formulate and implement effective strategies to maintain the policyholder's loyalty and the contract. Due to the lack of a comprehensive behavioral model for life insurance surrendering, this study aimed to represent a better understanding of the phenomenon employing a qualitative research approach based on the grounded theory. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 29 selected participants including policyholders, insurance agents, and life insurance experts, using theoretical sampling which continued until theoretical saturation. Data analysis was carried out systematically with open, axial, and selective coding mechanism, with a continuous iterative process between data, concepts, categories and the model. In this process, questioning and comparison strategies as well as memos, diagrams and paradigm tools were utilized to analyze the data. The research acceptability was considered based on the Corbin and Strauss' indices. As a research output, a cognitivepsychological model of life insurance surrender behavior was presented in the context of micro and macro environmental conditions and internal or individual circumstances in which post-purchase uncertainty affected the assessment of communication, and interactions and perceived behavioral control caused attitude uncertainty which, along with situational factors, particularly financial need and impulsive behaviors, cognitive, and psychological biases and intentions lead to life insurance surrendering.

Looking at the history of Spain in the middle Ages, we find out that Muslims have dominated and ruled in this land for a period, while Christians being subjects. For another period as a result of changes in political affairs, Muslims were defeated and Christians dominated. On both occasions, the ruling class would conclude covenants with the defeated one towards further interactions. These treaties, concluded through the culture of dialogue, would define a framework towards guaranteeing the survival of defatted groups which were quite different from the ruling class in terms of religion, culture, and ethnic tendencies. Furthermore, these treaties would provide an opportunity for conquerors to convert the defeated people gradually. Discussing the concept of covenant in the Islamic culture, the present article deals with two types of these treaties very few of which have survived. It also discusses certain concepts such as covenant, one under covenant, and covenant land.

Background and objectives: Surrender is a means of pure subjugation for divine and infallibles' orders based on insight from the teachings of the Holy Qur'an. There is also a kind of surrender in the command system where absolute obedience to the commander is considered to be one of the features of good obedient. Since even surrender to infallible Imams is based on the insights of the surrendered ones, the surrender of the surrendered ones to non-infallibles must also be based on the discretion of the obedient. The purpose of this research is to provide and analyze Quranic and narrative documents about this theory. This research seeks to provide a view that due to the high position of reconciliation with the insight in the teachings of the Qur'an and the manner of the Imams, paying attention to that is of considerable importance in designing a desirable command model. Methodology: This research has been conducted using a descriptive and content analysis through referring to Quranic verses and behavioral and spoken words of the infallibles. Findings and results: In the Islamic command system, in addition to the fact that the commander himself must be insightful, the actions of commanding the commanders must also be based on the principle of insight, that is, the commander and the obedient should perform consciously and with the correct religious belief in the command system. Both Qur'anic and narrative documents, including insight God, insight of nature, insight of heavenly books, insight of man, basis of religion on thought, invitation of the Prophet and followers based on insight, determination, negation of imitation, the necessity of insight of all people, as well as practical practices of the infallibles, including Prophet Ibrahim and Imam Hossein represent this very important point.