Introduction: Genetic factors play an important role in the development of type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of polymorphism CASQ1 (rs2275703) in 100 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Kurdistan, Iran. Materials & Methods: This study was conducted based on a case-control design. After obtaining the informed consent, the blood samples were obtained from patients with T2DM who were over 35 years of age. In total, 100 blood samples from the patient group and 100 blood samples from the control group (with matched age and gender) were assessed for the status of CASQ1 (rs2275703) using Tetra-Arms polymerase chain reaction method. The data were then analyzed statistically. Ethics code: IR. MUK. REC. 1396/319 Findings: Out of 100 healthy individuals (60 males and 40 females), 34 and 47 ones had genotype AA4, respectively. Moreover, 4 and 13 cases had genotype AC, and 0 and 2 individuals had genotype CC. Additionally, out of all healthy individuals and diabetic patients, 81 and 71 cases had genotype AA, respectively; moreover, 17 and 25 cases had genotype AC. In addition, out of 100 healthy individuals and 100 patients, 2 and 4 cases had genotype CC, respectively. There was no significant relationship between CASQ1 rs2275703 polymorphism and T2DM (P=0. 241). Discussion & Conclusions: According to the results, no significant relationship was observed between CASQ1 (rs2275703) polymorphism and T2DM in the population under study.

Background: Association of T2DM and OS disorders addresses a human eye metagenome drift. Despite the clarity of diabetic retinopathy, process of involvement of conjunctival sac microbiota is still ambiguous. We seek predictive value of OS microbiota using ML-based methods, since the early diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy and conjunctival sac microbiome diabetic dysbiosis could be beneficial both for clinical and research purposes. Material and Methods: 16S rRNA characterization of human eye metagenome for samples of 192 patients (with mean age of 66 years and 56 % females) with different onsets of T2DM is analyzed using various metrics including abundance and diversity indices and LDA at phyla, families, and genera levels. We took advantage of variance threshold, Chi-squared significance, and LDA Effect Size (LEfSe) feature selection strategies for inclusion of predictive families and genera in the T2DM prediction model. ML models with different algorithms including RF, GB, SVM, and ANN are implemented. Generalizability and robust performance of the models are also ensured using a 5-fold cross-validation process. DeLong’, s test is also used to investigate different performance of the methods. Results: Microbiome analyses revealed that eye metagenome profiles of the patients with <15 years of T2DM history show significantly higher richness and diversity. ML model performance shows ROC-AUC of ~0. 8. ML model with the superior performance exhibit sensitivity and accuracy of 0. 86 and 0. 68, respectively, in the prediction of T2DM occurrence. Conclusion: significant correlation and co-occurrence of T2DM and eye microbiome dysbiosis is trackable and well-optimized ML-strategies can predict T2DM onsets based on the microbiome of conjunctival sac.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex disease that involves a wide range of genetic and environmental factors. The hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF4A) carries out hepatic gluconeogenesis regulation and insulin secretion crucially, and the corresponding gene was shown to be linked to T2DM in several studies. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between HNF4A genetic variants (rs1884613 and rs1884614) and T2DM risk in a group of Iranian patients. This case-control study included 100 patients with T2DM and 100 control subjects. Genotyping of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs1884613 and rs1884614) of HNF4A was performed using the sequencing method. There was no statistically significant difference for allele and genotype distribution of the HNF4A common variants (rs1884613 and rs1884614) between subjects with and without T2DM (P=0. 9 and P=0. 9, respectively). Regarding diabetic complications, although the presence of mentioned polymorphisms increased the odds of developing ophthalmic complications and reduction of the odds of renal complications among diabetic patients, the mentioned risk was non-significant and cannot be generalized to the whole population. It seems that rs1884613 and rs1884614 polymorphisms are not associated with T2DM or its renal and ophthalmic complications. To investigate the precise influence of these polymorphisms, prospective cohorts with larger sample sizes are required.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder that is steadily increasing in prevalence worldwide. This alarming trend has led to the emergence of a widespread health crisis in certain countries, with the number of affected individuals expected to double in the next decade. This poses a significant burden on healthcare providers, particularly in underdeveloped nations, as the aging population continues to grow.  To address this issue, an awareness study has been initiated among the Gen-Y population residing in the urban areas of Indian banks. The study identified 29 attributes across three parameters: awareness of symptoms, awareness of factors, and awareness of complications related to T2DM. A total of 132 samples were collected from the study areas. The results revealed a lower level of awareness regarding symptoms among rural males, rural females, and urban males. However, urban females demonstrated a better understanding of the symptoms associated with T2DM. In terms of awareness of factors contributing to the development of Type 2 diabetes, all groups displayed very poor awareness. Regarding the awareness of complications associated with T2DM, urban males and females exhibited some level of understanding. However, rural participants lacked adequate information about the complications that can arise from Type 2 diabetes. This highlights the need for targeted education and awareness campaigns to address this knowledge gap and mitigate the impact of T2DM in these areas.