Introduction: Adolescence is a period of mental and physical maturation. It is a clear period of physiological, physical, behavioral and social changes. Unfortunately, there are a few researches on health and nutritional situation of adolescent girls and boys in Iran. Objective: The present study was carried out to determine the nutritional status of anthropometrics and BMI of high school girl adolescents in urban and rural areas in Astaneh Ashrafiyeh.2000. ‏Materials and Methods: This research was a cross - sectional study on 336 girls (168 urban, 168 rural) at the ages of 14-17 with simple random sampling method. Height, weight and TSF were measured to the nearest 0/5 cm, 0/5 kg and with caliper respectively. Body Mass Index (BMI) was compared with the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey I (NHANESI). Independent t-test, Chi Square is the statistical methods were used for data analyses.Results: Data analysis showed that means of the height, weight, BMI and TSF in urban girls were 157.5 ± 5. 1 (cm), 54.22 ±10.09 (kg), 21.77±3.53 (kg / m2) and 13.75±6.48 (mm) respectively and in rural area: 156.97±4.7 (cm), 52.62±9.03 (kg), 20.99±3.25 (kg/m2) and 12.76±5.36 (mm). Weight for Age (W/A) indexes of urban and rural girls were %7.6 and %9 below 5th centile and %2 and %0.6 upper 95th centile of NCHS respectively. Height for Age (H/A) indexes were %13.2 and %11.9 below 5th centile and %0.5 and %0.6 upper 95th centile of NCHS respectively.Conclusion: With regard to Body Mass Index (BMI) and TSF, the results of the present study showed a good nutritional status of the urban and rural girls and there wasn't any significant difference between urban and rural areas. Stunting was prevalent among the rural and urban girls. It has been suggested that implementation of nutritional education program is necessary to increase the nutritional knowledge and food diversification in adolescent girls.

In this paper, in order to reduce torque ripple for low speed range in non-commutation region, instead of exciting by a DC current, a adjustable current according to rotor position is injected. Also, to reduce torque ripple in commutation region the modified torque sharing function (TSF) method has been used. In the proposed method, TSF is modified by a feedback from the motor speed and applying it to a fuzzy controller according to speed value. In the proposed method, motor speed, torque error, and torque error derivative are used as fuzzy controller inputs, which Turn-On and overlap angles between the phases are changed as a function of motor speed. Also reference torque of adjacent phase is modified as a function of torque error and torque error derivative. In this method, TSF is modified dynamically and momentary. The exact simulation based on Matlab/Simulink for a 3-phase 6/4 SRM are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed novel method for 0 to 1500rpm speed range.

With increase in fire frequency in the Zagros forests, long term and short term evaluation of soil quality is very important. In this study, changes in some physicochemical and microbial properties of soils were compared in short, medium and longterm after fire. For this purpose, three post-fire treatments were selected and labeled as TSF=1, TSF=3 and TSF=10 years after fire. In the nearest neighbor of each fire treatment a relevant unburned area was selected as the control and labeled as C1, C3 and C10, corresponding to the post-fire treatments. Soil sampling was performed from the depth of 0-20 cm in 4 replications. Overall, 24 composite soil samples were collected for post-fire treatments and their relevant controls. Some physicochemical and microbial properties were measured in soil samples. Results showed no changes in soil texture. Soil saturated moisture decreased for TSF=1, while it was recovered for TSF=3 and TSF=10. Soil bulk density decreased both in TSF=1 and TSF=3, while no changes were observed for TSF=10 compared to C10. There was a significant increase in soil pH, CEC, EC, and P for TSF=1 compared to C1. However, for TSF=3 and TSF=10, pH and CEC were recovered to the pre-fire level and soil P and EC were significantly lower than their controls. Soil organic carbon and N remained significantly lower than their control in all treatments. No significant change was observed in soil C: N ratio in any treatment. Microbial carbon biomass significantly decreased for TSF=1 compared to C1, while no significant changes were observed for TSF=3 and TSF=10 compared to C3 and C10, respectively. Soil induced respiration increased significantly for TSF=1, while it decreased significantly for TSF=3 and TSF=10 controls. Soil basal respiration significantly decreased in all post-fire treatments compared to their controls. Metabolic quotient significantly increased for TSF=1 and TSF=3, however, it recovered in TSF=10 to the pre-fire level. There was a significant decrease in microbial quotient for TSF=1, however, it increased significantly for TSF=3 and recovered to the pre-fire level for TSF=10. All the treatments were significantly discriminated using multivariate analysis (discriminant analysis). It was concluded that EC, N, CEC, and P were the most important physicochemical properties while microbial biomass carbon, basal and induced respiration, and microbial quotient were the most important microbial properties of soil for discriminating treatments.

Tussah silk fibroin (TSF)/chitosan (CS) composite nanofibers were prepared to mimic extracellular matrix by electrospinning with hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) as a solvent. The viscosity and conductivity of TSF/CS blend solution were analyzed and the morphology, secondary structure, and thermal property of TSF/CS composite fibers were investigated by SEM, 13C CP/MAS-NMR, X-ray diffraction, and DSC Techniques. The electrospinnability of TSF solution was improved significantly by adding 10 wt% CS, and morphology of electrospun TSF nanofibers changed from flat strip to cylindrical. At the same time, the average fiber diameters decreased from 542 to 312 nm, accompanying by an obvious improvement in fiber diameter uniformity. However, when the CS content in blend solution was more than 15 wt%, the diameter of electrospun TSF/CS nanofibers appeared to be polarized which can be attributed to phase separation of the two components in composite nanofibers. Blending 10 wt% CS did not change the conformation of TSF in TSF/CS composite nanofibers, and TSF in composite nanofibers at various composition ratios had mainly taken the α-helix structure. The thermal decomposition temperature of electrospun TSF/CS composite nanofibers decreased with the increase of CS content due to the lower decomposition temperature of CS. To study the cytocompatibility and cell behavior on the TSF/CS nanofibers, human renal mesangial cells were seeded onto electrospun TSF/CS composite nanofibers. Results indicated that the addition of CS promoted cell attachment and spreading on TSF nanofibers significantly, suggesting that electrospun TSF/CS composite nanofibers could be a candidate scaffold for tissue engineering.

The cultivated silk, mulberry, is being used as biomaterial in different forms. Eri, tasar and muga are some of the known wild silk varieties. The studies on biomedical applications of electrospun mats produced from these wild silks are limited though few studies on eri silk are available. In this work, comparison was made between eri and tasar silk fibroin scaffolds for biomedical application. The scaffolds were produced from eri silk fibroin (ESF) and tasar silk fibroin (TSF) by electrospinning method and they were treated with ethanol to improve dimensional stability. Ethanol treatment increased the crystallinity % of both ESF and TSF scaffolds. The crystallinity percentage of the ESF and TSF scaffolds was found to be 46.7 and 42.8% respectively. Thermal stability was higher for ESF than that of TSF scaffold. The hemolytic % of ESF and TSF scaffolds was found to be 1.3 and 7.7% respectively. The platelet adhesion on the surface of ESF scaffold was lower than that found on TSF scaffold. Better fibroblast cell attachment, binding and spreading was found on the ESF scaffold. The cell viability on ESF scaffold was 83.78% and in TSF was 78.01% for 48 h. The results showed that ESF electrospun scaffold can be considered as a better biomaterial for biomedical applications compared to that of TSF scaffold.

Tussah silk fibroin (TSF), a fibrous biopolymer from wild silkworm of the species Antheraea pernyi, was first electrospun using 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) as solvent at a concentration of 8% (by weight). The effect of processing parameters on the morphology, structure and mechanical properties of electrospun TSF nanofibres was investigated. The electrospun TSF nanofibres presented the band-like morphology using a rectangular aluminium foil as collecting plate and the average diameters ranged from 245 nm to 439 nm according to different spinning parameters. At a spinning distance of 10 cm, the increase of spinning voltage induced the conformation transition of TSF nanofibres from a-helix to b-sheet and random coil; however, at a spinning voltage of 15 kV, the increase of spinning distance induced the conformation transition of TSF nanofibres from random coil to a-helix. Nevertheless, the variation of processing parameters could not change the fact that a-helix and b-sheet conformations co-existed in the fibres and a-helix was the main structure. The mechanical properties of non-woven TSF nanofibrous mats depended more on the assembly of the fibres than on the fibre structure, and the nanofibrous mats with small diameters showed higher mechanical properties. The study showed that the thin and relative uniform rod-like nanofibres with an average diameter of 245 nm could be obtained through a rotary roller as a collecting device. The nanofibrous scaffold prepared in this paper makes a promising candidate scaffold for tissue engineering because of the especial tripeptide sequence of Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) in TSF.

Tussah silk fibroin (TSF)/carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) blend films were prepared by solution casting using water as a co-solvent. The conformational change of TSF and the miscibility of the two components in blend films were investigated by using FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. Blending with CMCS induces a conformational change in TSF from a-helix to b-sheet and the most complete transformation to b-sheet conformation occurs in blending with 5% CMCS. A mechanism is suggested for the conformational transition in which CMCS molecules are used as the nuclei of TSF micelles and induce TSF molecules to self-assemble by forming intermolecular hydrogen bonds. When CMCS content exceeds 5% in the blend film, the content of b-sheet conformation is reduced. The blend film, with 15% CMCS and above, exhibits semi-miscible characteristics, because there is a possibility of a two-phase structure formation in the blend film. However, the intermolecular interactions between the two polymers occur in their amorphous regions as indicated by FTIR analysis. The water solubility assays show that adding 3-7% CMCS results in significant improvement in water resistance of the TSF films, especially in the blend film with 5% CMCS, which hardly dissolves in water. However, when CMCS content exceeds 7% the water solubility of the blend films increases rapidly.

The conception of T-spherical fuzzy set (TSFS) is a recent phenomenon in the environment of fuzzy notions that describe opinion about some certain objects under uncertainties with the help of four types of degrees known as the degree of membership (DM), degree of abstinence (DA), degree of non-membership (DNM) and degree of refusal (DR). The focus of this manuscript, to examine the interrelationship among any numbers of T-spherical fuzzy numbers (TSFNs) by the use Maclaurin symmetric mean (MSM) operators. We investigate and develop T-spherical fuzzy (TSF) MSM (TSFMSM) operator, TSF weighted MSM (TSFWMSM) operator, TSF dual MSM (TSFDMSM) operator, TSF weighted dual MSM (TSFWDMSM) operator. By using these investigated operators, some special cases of the explored operators are also developed, and their properties are examined. In addition, an algorithm for handling multi attribute decision making (MADM) problems based MSM operators in TSF setting. An illustrative example to check the applicability of the MSM operators of TSFSs is presented where the evaluation of technology commercialization is observed. To show the superiority of the newly established MSM operators, a comprehensive comparative study is designed numerically. In view of the comparative analysis, some advantages of the new MSM operators of the TSFNs are stated.

Background: Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a common abnormality of the urinary tract in childhood.Objectives: As urine enters the ureters and renal pelvis during voiding in vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), we hypothesized that change in body water composition before and after voiding may be less different in children with VUR.Patients and Methods: Patients were grouped as those with VUR (Group 1) and without VUR (Group 2). Bioelectric impedance analysis was performed before and after voiding, and third space fluid (TSF) (L), percent of total body fluid (TBF%), extracellular fluid (ECF%), and intracellular fluid (ICF%) were recorded. After change of TSF, TBF, ECF, ICF (DTSF, DTBF%, DECF%, DICF%), urine volume (mL), and urine volume/body weight (mL/kg) were calculated. Groups 1 and 2 were compared for these parameters. In addition, pre- and post-voiding body fluid values were compared in each group.Results: TBF%, ECF%, ICF%, and TSF in both pre- and post-voiding states and DTBF%, DECF%, DICF%, and DTSF after voiding were not different between groups. However, while post-voiding TBF%, ECF% was significantly decreased in Group 1 (64.5±8.1 vs 63.7±7.2, P=0.013 for TBF%), there was not post-voiding change in TSF in the same group. On the other hand, there was also a significant TSF decrease in Group 2.Conclusions: Bladder and ureter can be considered as the third space. Thus, we think that BIA has been useful in discriminating children with VUR as there was no decreased in patients with VUR, although there was decreased TSF in patients without VUR. However, further studies are needed to increase the accuracy of this hypothesis.

Background: Protein- energy malnutrition is a complicated, multifactorial and prevalent problem in hemodialysis patients which is directly associated with increased mortality in these patients. This study was performed to determine the effect of comorbidity on malnutrition indices in hemodialysis patients referred to Imam Khomeini hospital, Tehran.Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on hemodialysis patients referred to Imam Khomeini hospital (114 patients). In order to evaluate the nutritional status, anthropometric indices (body mass index (BMI), triceps skinfold (TSF) and mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC) were measured. The patients were divided based on the comorbidity.Results: Average BMI in the groups with or without comorbidity were 23.2±0.5 and 24.66±1 Kg/m2, average MAMC in the groups with or without comorbidity were 226.3±8.6 and 228.1±3.49 mm, and average TSF in the groups with or without comorbidity were 6.83±0.41 and 9.18 ± 0.85 mm, respectively. Average TSF was significantly different in two groups (P=0.017).Conclusion: In the present study the average BMI, TSF and MAMC were lower in the group with comorbidity than the group without comorbidity. This difference was significant for TSF. According to other studies, suffering from comorbidity is associated with higher prevalence of malnutrition in hemodialysis patients. Thorough evaluation of nutritional status in these patients, MNT and consult with nutritionist based on comorbidity is advised.