Background: One of the main challenges of Methadone Maintenance treatment (MMT) centers is the patients’ nonadherence to treatment process in tempting situations. This study was conducted to validate the Persian version of one of the valid questionnaires on situational drug use temptation. Methods: A cross‑ sectional study was carried out on 150 men referring to MMT centers in Shiraz, Iran, in 2019. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire containing demographic data and Persian version of drug use temptation questionnaire with 20 items. The content validity was assessed by 15 psychiatrists and health education and promotion experts based on the Lawshe criteria. The reliability of the questionnaire was determined using Cronbach’ s alpha. The construct validity was evaluated by exploratory Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and confirmatory factor analysis. Data were analyzed using SPSS 24 and Amos 24. Results: Overall, 141 individuals completed the questionnaire (response rate: 94%). The mean and standard deviation of the participants’ age were 37± 7. The Kaiser– Meyer– Olkin test of sampling was adequate (KMO 0. 913) and the Bartlett test of sphericity was significant (Chi-square 1847. 65; p= 0. 001). Four factors were extracted and two items were not included in any of the factors. Goodness of fit indices of structural equation model, i. e. Chi2, Chi2/df, and RMSEA were 158. 504, 1. 22 and 0. 04, respectively, which indicated the acceptable fitness of the model. Conclusion: The Persian version of the questionnaire of temptation to use drugs is suitable for use among the Iranian population.

One consequence of a significant increase in the man-made greenhouse gases in recent decades has been a global rise in air temperature with the commensurate rise in the atmospheric heat energy, which in turn affects the hydrologic cycle. Thus a drastic change in the amount, distribution and timing of the hydrologic events is logical. Therefore, preparation for the future water-related events dictates an implication of detailed studies on the prediction of the future rise in temperature and the resultant change in precipitation. The Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Model (AOGCM) is considered to be the most reliable software for the predicting the weather-related events. The statistical downscaling method (SDSM) and the Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) were tested to remove the uncertainty related to the AOGCM. Of a few software used for downscaling, SDSM was proved to be the most reliable for predicting the 2011-2040 changes in air temperatures and precipitation under the A2, B2 scenarios of the HadCM3 for the Qorantalar Watershed. Results indicated that there would be an increase of 7% and 6% in the precipitation amount, and 0. 34 and 0. 86 degrees Celsius in temperature using the A2 and B2 scenarios, respectively.

Background: The transtheoretical model (TTM) is used as a framework to implement smoking cessation programs. This model has some subscales based on which the smoking temptation scale is proposed as stages movement factor. This study aimed to translate and validate the temptation subscales of the TTM questionnaire in the Iranian population. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 387 smokers. The participants were selected using convenience sampling method. First, the smoking temptation scale designed by Velicer et al. was translated into Persian, and then, factorial validity of the hierarchical three-factor structure for this subscale was studied using factor analysis and measurement invariance (MI) methods. All analyses were performed using Mplus software. Findings: It was observed that the hierarchical three-factor structure model had a good fit to the data [confirmatory fit index (CFI) = 0. 944, Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) = 0. 915, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) = 0. 067, standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) = 0. 042]. This study showed that this factorial structure had an identical measurement and structural model in subgroups of the population such as rural and urban residence, highly educated and low educated, high income and low income, three stages of quitting, and across the three ethnicities. Conclusion: Given the validity and reliability of the hierarchical three-factor structure for smoking temptation scale, this measure can be used in interventional programs for smoking cessation in the Iranian male population.

‘Eblis” is the Persian equivalent of “Satan”. It is the special name of the same Satan who tempted Adam and the exalted God mentions it as “Eblis” and sometimes “Satan” in Quran (verses mentioned as “Eblis”: Baqareh, verse 34; Hajar, verses 31, 32; Asra, verse 61; Kahf, verse 50; Taha, verse 116; verses mentioned as “Satan”: Aaraf, verse 27; Baqareh, verse 26; Taha, verse 120). Some of the traps by Satan mentioned in the Holy Quran are as follows: 1) poverty behest: preventing human from charity and giving Khoms or Zakat not to be poor (Baqareh, verse 268); 2) ordering to lewdness; 3) ordering to wrong-doing (Noor, verse 21); 4) creating hostility among Muslims through drinking and gambling (Maedeh, verse 91); 5) preventing human from God’s remembrance (Anaam, verse 68; Mojahedeh, verse 19).

Introduction: Drug abuse is one of the global problems and despite the effectiveness of treatment methods, it often recurs over time. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of motivational interviews on temptation and relapse in patients treated with Buprenorphine referred to addiction treatment clinics. Method: The research was applied and quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest and control group, the study population was patients treated with Buprenorphine who were referred to addiction treatment clinics in Marivan in 2020. In this study, 42 people were selected by random sampling method and assigned to two groups of 21 intervention and control. Data collection tools included a substance use temptation questionnaire after withdrawal, a return prediction questionnaire along laboratory tests. Data were analyzed using STATA-12 and SPSS-25 using descriptive and inferential statistical tests of Wilcoxon, Man Whitney and Pearson's chi-squared test. Results: The results showed that intervention and control groups were statistically homogeneous. Before the intervention, the mean score of temptation was 74. 42±, 11. 31 and recurrence was 121. 80±, 7. 80. After the intervention, the mean score of temptation was reduced to (51. 33±, 9. 15) and recurrence of consumption was reduced to (108. 76±, 10. 62),therefore, there was a statistically significant difference between intervention and control groups (p<0. 001). Conclusion: The results showed that motivational interview was effective on the rate of temptation and recurrence of patients. Therefore, designing and using motivational interviews is recommended for caregivers in the psychiatric and addiction wards along with other addiction therapies.