Introduction: Level of sodium (Na) intake has an important effect on blood pressure and cardiovascular disease, and reduction in salt consumption is important as primary prevention of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Salt intake is estimated by either urine 24-hour sodium excretion or 24-hour dietary recall (which is unreliable). In this study, we evaluated salt intake and correlation of urine Na in spot urine and 24-hour urine collection.Methods: We evaluated 271 male aged 30 to 50 years old for urine Na, creatinine, and chloride in urine 24-hour collection and spot urine. Subjects have no history of DM, HTN, liver disease, renal failure, and they were not on any medication. Formore accuracy, both urine 24-hour and spot urine were collected 2 times in 2 different days.Results: The mean 24-hour urine sodium was 210.30 (79.53%) meq/d. Urine sodium was less than 100meq/d in 13 (4.8%), 100 to 170 meq/d in 84 (31%), 170 to 205 meq/d in 49 (18.1%), 205 to 256 meq/d in 56 (20.7%), and>256 meq/d in 69 (25.5%) of subjects. There is a significant correlation between Na/Cr and Cl/Cr in spot urine and urine 24-hour sodium. Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.268 and 0.198, respectively (that is a weak correlation).Conclusions: Salt intake is high in male and probably general population (>12 g/d). Salt intake is<6 g/d only in 5%, 6 to 10 g/d in 31%, 10 to 12 g/d in 18.1%, 12 to 15 g/d in 20.7%, and>15 g/d in 25.5%. Sodium and chloride in spot urine is not a good predictor for sodium in 24-hour urine.

Background: Staphylococcous-related urinary tract infection is a common problem. Antibiotic resistance has been reported hereby, for which incomplete recovery has occurred. The present study was conducted in 3 university hospitals in Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences to determine the type of staphylococcous ssp and their related sensitivity to antimicrobial agents. Materials and methods: 467 patients referred consecutively for UTI, were included in this descriptive study. Our inclusion criteria were: positive urine culture for staphylococcous ssp and antibiogram results. To determine drug resistance, isolated staphylococcous ssp were exposed to 17 different antibiotics by disc diffusion technique. Results: Of 467 positive urine cultures, coagulase-negative staphylococcous was found in 77% and S. aureus in 23%. Staphylococcous ssp have shown a complete resistance to penicillin and amoxicillin. Cloxacillin and vancomycin have shown the highest and the lowest sensitivity (100% and 20%, respectively). Conclusion: With respect to the varied antimicrobial resistance, antibiogram seems to be of utmost importance. Thus, misprescription would be ceased and better therapeutic outcomes will achieve.

Background: Nephrolithiasis is a worldwide health problem. Objectives: This study investigated the frequency of urinary and serum metabolic abnormalities and their association with demographic characteristics in patients with nephrolithiasis. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we assessed 376 patients with nephrolithiasis who referred to Motahari Medical Center, ShirazfromMarch2017 to June 2017. Patients’ history, 24-hour urine analysis (for volume, calcium, uric acid, sodium, citrate, phosphate, and oxalate), and serum tests (for calcium, uric acid, and parathyroid hormone) were recorded in a data gathering sheet. P value < 0. 05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The most commonabnormality was a low volume of 24-hour urine (< 2000 mL), (73. 7%), followed by hypercalciuria (23. 9%), and hyperoxaluria (19. 4%). Low 24-hour urine volume was more frequent inwomen(80. 0% vs. 64. 3%, P< 0. 001), while hypercalciuria (37. 0% vs. 18. 3%, P < 0. 001), and hyperphosphaturia (6. 0% vs. 1. 7%, P = 0. 03) were more frequent in men. Moreover, hypercalciuria was more frequent in outdoor workers (39. 7% vs. 21. 1%, P = 0. 003), whereas low urine volume was more frequent in indoor workers (79. 0% vs. 61. 1%, P = 0. 006). Metabolic abnormalities were not different in terms of patients’ family history. Conclusions: Multiple factors affect the frequency and type of nephrolithiasis. Since these parameters are also influenced by race, culture, and dietary habits; thus each region must determine its own demographic features of renal stone. Based on our results, women had lower urine volume and higher urine citrate than men. Moreover, water intake is one of the most important factors that correlate with renal stone formation.

Background :Accurate diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI) in infants requires a minimally contaminated urine sample. Urine-collection bags are noninvasive but prone to contamination; invasive methods reduce contamination but cause discomfort. Quick-Wee, a stimulation-based clean-catch technique, may offer a faster, cleaner alternative. Objectives :To compare microscopy-defined urine contamination — white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs), epithelial cells, and bacteria as primary outcomes — and collection time and caregiver satisfaction as secondary outcomes, between Quick-Wee and urine-bag collection in infants using a within-subject crossover design. Methods :We conducted a randomized two-period, two-sequence (AB/BA) crossover study. Each infant provided two samples about 6 hours apart within one shift. Sequence (Quick-Wee → bag or bag → Quick-Wee) was assigned via a computer-generated list and sealed, opaque, sequentially numbered envelopes. A single trained pediatric nurse collected all samples per standard operating procedure (SOP); diapers were changed, and the peri-urethral/genital area was washed and dried before each attempt. Laboratory staff were blinded to method/sequence; samples bore anonymized codes. Primary outcomes were quantitative microscopy counts [cells/high-power field (HPF) or semi-quantitative categories]; secondary outcomes were time to collection (minutes) and caregiver satisfaction (5-point Likert). Results :Versus urine-bag collection, Quick-Wee yielded lower counts of WBC (-1.19; P < 0.001), RBC (-0.32; P = 0.007), and epithelial cells (-1.78; P < 0.001); bacterial counts did not differ (P = 0.096). Collection time was markedly shorter with Quick-Wee (10.7 ± 8.9 vs. 52.4 ± 10.3 minutes; difference -41.7; P < 0.001). Caregiver satisfaction was higher with Quick-Wee (median 5 vs. 3; P < 0.001). Conclusions :Quick-Wee is a rapid, noninvasive method that reduces several microscopy-defined contamination indices, substantially shortens collection time, and improves caregiver satisfaction compared with urine-bag collection, with no significant difference in bacterial counts. Findings support Quick-Wee as a pragmatic first-line option for infant urine collection.

Urine dipstick is a useful and commonly used test because of its rapidity and low cost; however its diagnostic accuracy is debatable.This research were carried out To determine sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values of Nitrite (NIT) and Leukocyte Esterase (LE) testing in relation to urine culture. This research was conducted on 100 hospitalized patients with clinical signs and symptoms compatible with urinary tract infections (UTI). Urine culture and dipstick tests were carried out on urine samples of all patients. Urinalysis LE and NIT studies were performed in fresh and uncentrifuged urine by using a manual urine analyzer (rapignost, Co. Marburg, Germany). The urine culture was considered as gold standard. Urine cultures were positive in 75 (75%) patients. Dipstick tests of urine were positive in 79(79%) patients. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of Dipstick test were 76%, 12%, 72% and 14% respectively. Although dipstick test of LE and NIT can avoid a large part of the cost incurred by urine culture, any method of urine screen (LE and NIT) shouldn't be substituted for a urine culture in the symptomatic patients in childhood.

Dear editor-in-chief, Alkaptonuria is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disease, with a prevalence of 1: 250, 000 to 1: 1, 000, 000 (1). Alkaptonuria occurs mostly in adults aged over thirty years (2). The disease is caused due to total inhibition of homogentisic acid oxidase enzyme, which catalyzes the conversion of homogentisic acid (HGA) to maleyl acetoacetate, fumaric acid and acetoacetic acid (3). It is usually deposited in outer ear cartilage, sclera, eyelid, cornea, conjunctiva, eyelids, mucous, skin, bone and internal cardiac structures (mitral valve, aorta and coronary arteries), as well as secreted in urine and sweat (2). The most common presentation in children is darkening of the urine exposed to air, while osteoarthritis followed by changes in eyes, ears, skin and cardiovascular is the most common symptom in adults (4). Alkaptonuria is a still frequently sub diagnosed and rare disease. We present here a child with the final diagnosis of alkaptonuria...