‎In this paper‎, ‎we offer a new generalization of the neat ring that is called a w-neat ring‎. ‎A ring $ R $ is said to be weakly clean if every $ r\in R $ can be written as $ r=u+e $ or $ r=u-e $ where $ u\in‎$ U$(R) $ and $ e\in‎$ I‎‏d$‎(R) $‎. ‎We define a w-neat ring to be one for which every proper homomorphic image is weakly clean‎.‎We obtain some properties of w-neat rings‎.

A batch extraction of an essential amino acid, Phenylalanine, from an aqueous solution of different concentrations by an Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM) was developed using D2EHPA as a cationic carrier, Span 80 as the surfactant, paraffin and kerosene as the diluents, and HCl as the internal electrolyte. All effective parameters such as pH of initial aqueous external phase, electrolyte concentration in aqueous internal phase, carrier and surfactant concentration in emulsion, volume ratio of the organic to aqueous internal phase (Roi), volume ratio of the W/O emulsion to aqueous external phase (Rew) and time were examined and optimized using Taguchi method which was the first time of optimizing such number of factors by Taguchi method in ELM process. Appling Taguchi method to analyze the experimental results, we obtained the effects and contribution of each of the factors on the extraction efficiency. The results obtained from the experiments illustrated that with a stable emulsion by optimizing all the effective parameters, a considerable amount of phenylalanine can be extracted in a short time with an acceptable ratio of swelling and breakage.

Persian velar glide [w], unlike the palatal glide [j], does not serve a contrastive function in Persian phonology since it has incomplete distribution, occurring only in few words after the mid back vowel /o/. Thus, [w] is described as an allophone of the phoneme /v/. Furthermore, it has been assumed that [w] in [ow] may be deleted in connected speech giving rise to the compensatory lengthening of the preceding [o] vowel. In the present research, we examined the phonetic realization [w] in Persian words in an experimental study. The results suggested that [w] is acoustically present in the target words but is reduced or weakened to different degrees. As [w] is reduced in [ow], the shape of the vocal tract as well as the phonation type changes, resulting in (1) increase of overall intensity of the spectrum; (2) increase in the formant frequencies; and (3) decrease in bandwidths of the formant frequencies. All these systematic acoustic variations cause the vowel [o] in [ow] to be produced and perceived as longer than an ordinary [o] vowel.

Objective(s): Theophylline, a xanthenes derivative, is still widely used as an effective bronchodilator in the management of asthmatic patients. It is used both as a prophylactic drug and to prevent acute exacerbations of asthma. The aim of study was to formulate and evaluate effect of the microencapsulation of theophylline loaded nanoparticles on the reduction of burst release.Materials and Methods: Microparticles (simple and composite) and nanoparticles were prepared by using water-in-oil-in-water (W1/O/W2 double-emulsion solvent diffusion/evaporation method), taking different ratios of drug/polymer. Solvent systems consist of ethyl acetate and dichloromethane for microspheres and nanospheres, respectively. In the current study formulations were characterized by loading efficiency, yield, particle size, zeta potential, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).Results: In microparticles, the best drug to polymer ratio was 0.8:1 (F3). F3 formulation had minimum burst effect (37.81%), high loading efficiency (95.88%). In nanoparticles, F4 formulation (0.4:1 drug/polymer ratio) showed high production yield (40.8%), loading efficiency (99.05%), low particle size (756 nm) and minimum burst effect compared with other nanoparticle formulations. The drug loaded composite microspheres (F9) showed minimum burst effect, acceptable release and mean particle size 17.696 mm. The XRD and DSC showed stable character of theophylline in the drug loaded microspheres. The drug release was found to be diffusion and erosion controlled.Conclusion: The burst was significantly lower with composite microparticles and may be explained by lower diffusion of the drug from double polymeric wall formed by the nanoparticles matrix followed by another diffusion step through the microparticle polymeric wall.

The notion of w−filters is introduced in an Almost Distributive Lattice(ADL) and properties are investigated. A necessary and sufficient condition is derived for a maximal filter of an ADL to become a w−filter which leads to a characterization of a quasi-complemented ADL. Also, w−filters of an ADL are characterized in terms of minimal prime D−filters.

The notion of w−filters is introduced in an Almost Distributive Lattice(ADL) and properties are investigated. A necessary and sufficient condition is derived for a maximal filter of an ADL to become a w−filter which leads to a characterization of a quasi-complemented ADL. Also, w−filters of an ADL are characterized in terms of minimal prime D−filters.

Introduction: Vanadium oxide nanotubes (VONTs) have many applications in batteries, catalysts and electrochemical devices. Doping of transition metals into these nanotubes can improve their properties for the desired application.Aim: Synthesis and characterization of molybdenum and tungsten doped vanadium oxide nanotubes Material and Method: V2O5, MoO3, H2WO4 and C18H39N were used for synthesizing the desired materials. For preparation of (V1-xMx)yONTs (M= Mo, W and Mo & W) compounds stoichiometric amount of the desired reactants were mixed in distilled water and the mixture were stirred for 48 h in air. The resulting slurry was transferred into an autoclave and was kept at 185oC for 7 days. The obtained product was washed and dried at 80oC for 8 h.Results: The XRD patterns of the prepared samples and the comparison of these patterns with that of VONTs indicate that desired species were doped into the vanadium oxide nanotubes. The SEM images indicated that, the samples had tubular morphology and nanometric size. The presence of vanadium, molybdenum and tungsten in vanadium oxide nanotubes were confirmed by the EDX spectra. TEM images indicated that the morphology of samples is tubular and multiwall.Conclusion: In this research, Mo, W and Mo & W, were doped into multiwall vanadium oxide nanotubes. the synthesized samples had tubular and multiwall morphology with open ends.

The amazing properties of structural gypsum make it a miracle material for finishing construction processes, especially from a health and environmental point of view. Chemically, the binding forces between gypsum molecules are limited to dipole-dipole interactions (hydrogen bonding) rather than fixed conventional bonds. Such relatively weak bonds are responsible for the two common weak points including the water solubility and the relatively low hardness. Therefore, white Portland cement was suggested as an additive for treating those essential disadvantages of construction gypsum. Samples of different ratios at 0. 0%, 0. 5%, 1. 0%, 2. 0%, 3. 0%, 4. 0%, 5. 0%, 6. 0%, and 8. 0% w/w of white cement to gypsum were made using 0. 07x0. 07x0. 07m and 0. 05x0. 05x0. 05m test cubes. The standard tests of physical and mechanical properties including hardness, compressive strength, setting time, and water resistance were measured. The results indicate that the presence of cement as an additive could eliminate the weak points of construction gypsum without any negative side effects. The study was supported by an aging investigation using thermodynamic and kinetic analyses. In conclusion, it was strongly recommended to exploit white cement as an additive at a ratio of 4% w/w or 4. 5% v/v to improve the physical properties of building gypsum. It was found that the presence of white cement at the optimum ratio of 4. 0% w/w is not limited to eliminating the weak points of gypsum including the relatively low hardness and water solubility, but it extends to supporting other important properties including both compressive strength and setting time. The suggested additive has many desirable characteristics such as availability, healthy, economical, odorless, no coloring, used in few ratios, easy to deal with, and no volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The presented success can be applied by the construction industry to produce improved gypsum with no weak points.

Introduction: Controlling and targeting release of bioactive compounds have a key role in improving their functional properties such as antioxidant and anti-disease activities. Encapsulation is one of the best methods for protection and controlling release of bioactive ingredients. Indeed, in this process, protection and controlling release of ingredients as core materials are performed by surrounding of them via variety of wall materials.Emulsions are most popular encapsulation systems that are classified in variety types such as single layer emulsion, multi-layer emulsion, doubleemulsion, and etc. Hydrophilic bioactive compounds can be loaded in inner aqueous phase of water in oil in water (W/O/W) double-emulsions. The stability of doubleemulsions is low due to presence of two interfaces in them.Applying a thermodynamically stable W/O emulsion (e.g., microemulsion) as a primary emulsion and using of complex biopolymers as emulsifier and stabilizer in outer phase of doubleemulsions can improve their stability (Dickinson, 2011; Boyer et al, 2012).Saffron bioactive compounds include crocin, picrocrocin, and saffranal are widely used for a variety of functional and healthy goals in food and pharmaceutical industries. These compounds have many different functions, including anti-carcinogenic, anti-oxidant, anti-depressant, anti-apoptotic, anti-tussive, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic properties (Moraga et al, 2004).In the present study, our main goal was kinetically evaluated release of crocin, picrocrocin and saffranal from inner phase to outer phase of doubleemulsion during 22 days storage by Zero order, Fist order, Higuchi, and Hixson-Crowell.Materials and method: Saffron was provided from Torbatheydariyeh farms, Khorasan-e-razavi, Iran.Sunflower oil and sodium azide were purchased from FRICO (Sirjan, Iran) and Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, USA), respectively. Whey protein concentrate (80% protein) and sorbitanmonooleate (span 80) were obtained from Sapoto cheese (USA) and Merck (Germany), respectively. Maltodextrin was obtained from Qinhuangdao starch Co. (DE 16-20, China) and citrus pectin with a degree of methyl esterification of 71.1% and galacturonic acid> 65% was purchased from MP biomedical (Netherland). All other chemicals used in this study were of analytical grade.For extraction of crocin, picrocrocin and saffranal, a total of 10 grams of saffron sample was macerated in 150 mL of water in a glass bottle, covered with aluminum foil (to prevent direct exposure to light), and was placed in an incubator shaker (Kavooshmega, Iran) for 24 hours at 30oC. Then, this solution was homogenized (10000 rpm for 10 minutes, HeidolphSilentcrusher, Germany) for maximum extraction of saffron compounds.Finally, the extract was filtered under vacuum by using a Whatman No.1 (11 mm) filter paper, and kept in the freezer at -18oC prior to any examination. ISO/TS 3632 procedure (2003) was used for the measurement of saffron compounds.The doubleemulsions were prepared in two-step: (a) Frist, primary W/O micro-emulsions were produced by two formulations: 60: 30: 10% and 62: 33: 5% of sunflower oil, span 80, and saffron extract, respectively.(b) Then, the W/O micro-emulsions was gradually added into the outer aqueous phase contains why protein concentrate (WPC) /maltodextrin or WPC/pectin/maltodextrin while blending by a homogenizer (12000 rpm for 5 minutes at 10oC, HeidolphSilentcrusher, Germany) and then these coarse emulsions were further emulsified using mentioned homogenizer (15000 rpm for 8 minutes at 10oC). All doubleemulsions were composed of 25% primary emulsion and 75% outer aqueous phase Droplet size of doubleemulsions after one day and 22 days storage weremeasured using Zetasizer (MalvernInstruments, Worcestershire, UK).The released components in the outer aqueous phase were measured by evaluation of encapsulation efficiencyof the ratio of crocin, picrocrocin, and saffranalat a specific time: E (%) =100- (C2×100/C1) (1) Where C2 is the percentage of crocin, picrocrocin and saffranal in outer aqueous phase and C1 equals to the percentage of compounds in inner aqueous phase.C2 is a released into outer aqueous phase relative to the total amount present in the outer aqueous phase if all compounds were released (M¥).The viscosity of emulsions was measured using a programmable viscometer (model LVDV -II+Pro, Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, USA) and by a ULA spindle.The released are kinetly evaluated by Zero order, Fist order, Higuchi, and Hixson-Crowell.The experiments were all carried out in triplicate. The collected data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA; the means were compared by the Duncan's multiple range tests at the 5% level through SPSS version 21 (IBM, USA).Results and Discussion: As shown in fig.1, the droplet size of produced W/O micro-emulsions were lower than 200 nm. In fact, these droplets are water droplets containing bioactive compounds of saffron dispersed within oil phase that surrounded with Span 80 (Fig.2).Also, it was found that by increase of saffron extract (from 5% to 10%) as dispersed phase in W/O micro-emulsions, droplet size and poly-dispersityindex (PDI) weresignificantly (P<0.05) affected (Table.3).As shown in table.4, crocin, picrocrocin, and saffranal had a same release trend, but the release rate of crocin was lower than saffranal and picrocrocin. As regard to R2, SSE, and RMSE from kinetic modeling in table.5, the firstorder was a best model for release of crocin, and zero order was a best model for release of picrocrocin and saffranal. Also, kinetic date of release showed that the high release of crocin, saffranal, and picrocrocin was observed by increasing the dispersed phase content of primary W/O micro-emulsion and also it was found that WPC/pectindelayed the release of encapsulated ingredients more than single WPC (Table.5). Indeed, the using of complex biopolymers as the external binary film of doubleemulsions causes a resistance to release for inner compounds (Dickinson, 2011).As shown in fig.3, the viscosity of doubleemulsions stability with WPC/pectin complex was higher than doubleemulsions stabilized by only WPC. This can confirm the higher stability of stabilized doubleemulsions with complex biopolymers (Olivieriet al, 2003).