Introduction: Steoporosis is currently one of the prevalent diseases. The effect of exercise on bone marrow density (BMD) has been documented for all age groups. The aim of this research was to compare the effects of endurance vs. resistance trainings on local Bone Mineral Density (BMD) changes. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six volunteer female university students (age average: 22.58±1.56; Body Mass Index average: 22.85±2.17), with sedentary lifestyles, were selected and randomly divided to three groups (n=12 in each group). These groups were determined as: The endurance group who ran for 36 sessions on a treadmill over a period of 3 weeks at 70 to 80 percent of the maximum heart-beat rate. They were required to run for 40 minutes per session on the other hand, the resistance group received 36 circuit training sessions at the rate of 70 to 80 percent of 1RM with 6 to 8 repetitions in 3 sets with 2 minutes of rest in between. The third group of the study was the control group.Results: Both the endurance and the resistance training protocols induced significant increases in BMD in the areas of lumbar, neck and femur (P<0.05). However, the variation was more significant for the endurance group in the neck and femur while it was in the aerobic group where better effects were observed in the lumbar region (P<0.05). Conclusion: There was no considerable differences between the two modes of exercise (i.e. endurance and resistance) in terms of the increase of skeleton’s local bone mineral density.

Introduction: Diabetes Type II is considered as the heterogeneous group of the metabolic diseases which contribute to inducing chronic hyper-glycemic and other disorders concerned with the metabolism of carbohydrates, fat and protein. This disease is a result of disorders in either or both of secretion insulin and insulin function. It is characterized by the long-term symptoms of vessels, nerves, kidneys and eyes. The present research intends to investigate the influence of the selected aerobic exercises for eight weeks on platelet, aerobic power, TC/LDL ratio, TC/HDL ratio and fibrinogen in middle-aged male individuals with Diabetes Type II from Tabas.Materials and Methods: This is an applied research study of the method of Semi Experimental. Twenty subjects were randomly selected out of a population of 1500 persons ranging in age from 40 to 55 years old. The subjects’ rate of blood sugar was ranging between 120 and 250 deciliter. They were of the average height of 170 (165-175) centimeters and the average weight of 80 (75-85) Kilograms. The subjects’ Body Mass Index was estimated less than 25. They were randomly divided into two groups: the control group and the experimental group. The selected aerobic activities included: the 12-minute Cooper Test using Third Mill and Work-Meter Bike.Before starting the exercises and after 12 hours of fasting, ten milliliters of blood was bled from the arm vein of the subjects of both groups.Similarly, the second phase of bleeding was done after eight weeks of exercising. Paired t-Test was used to analyze the data. A significance level of p<0.05 was set for this research and the normality of data was tested using Kolamograph method.Results : The selected aerobic exercises do not have any significant effect on the rate of platelet (P>0.409), fibrinogen (P>0.985) and TG/LDL (P>0.900) ratio in the patients with Diabetes Type II, but it has a significant effect on TG/HDL ratio (P<0.000 (and the aerobic power (P<0.000).Conclusion : Physical activities with an intensity of 60% to 80% HRR have the desirable effects on some blood factors in the patients with Diabetes Type II. Therefore, it is recommended that diabetes specialists prescribe exercises as a supplementary treatment along with medicinal treatment.

Introduction: Regular scheduled exercise can affect physical and mental health. Due to special working conditions, nurses are in strong need of having good physical and mental fitness. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of aerobic exercise training on aerobic fitness and self-esteem of nurses.Methods: This study had a quasi-experimental pre-test post-test method with experimental and control groups. The program included three sessions a week for eight weeks, and each session included a 5- to 7-minute warm up, 12 minutes of continuous running with 60% - 80% of maximal heart rate, and 7-10 minutes to cool. The subjects included male (13 exp, 7 con) and female (10 exp, 3 con) nurses. Available sampling method was used for choosing participants and demographic information questionnaire, Eysenck self-esteem questionnaire and machine for analyzing breath gases were used to gather data. The data were analyzed using SPSS 20 statistical tests of covariance analysis, chi-square test 2, and independence t-tests.Results: The results showed that aerobic exercise training meaningfully improved aerobic-fitness (P<0.05) of nurses by controlling the pretest effect, while its effect on their self-esteem was not significant.Conclusions: aerobic exercise improved aerobic-fitness of nurses, while it was not effective on their self-esteem. According to the study, continued and regular participation in physical activity can make physical changes along with physiological benefits in individuals. The advantages of physiological changes include alterations in the aerobic capacity, respiratory system performance, endurance, muscle strength, flexibility, coordination and weight loss. Overall, the final effects are increased physical performance capacity and capability of learning and performing various skills.

The aim of the present research was to study the adaptation of serum leptin after aerobic training in obese men. For this purpose, 24 male subjects (age 35-48) voluntarily participated in this study. There were 16 obese men with 82.7 kg average weight, 23.7 % body fat percent and 25.5 ml/kg.min VO2 max, and 8 lean men with 57.75kg average weight, 8.32% body fat percent and 29 ml/kg.min VO2 max. The obese men were randomly assigned to one of two groups of aerobic training or control group. The 3rdgroup was called lean men group. Blood samples were taken in fasting state from all subjects. The experimental subjects received aerobic training for 13 weeks, 3 sessions per week. The aerobic training program included continuous running with an intensity of 75-85 % maximal heart rate. The time of running in the first session was 15 minutes, and every two sessions one minute was gradually added to this running time, the final running time reached 30 minutes, arid this time was maintained up to the final session. The results showed that aerobic training caused a significant decrease in the serum leptin level of the obese men. In addition, they determined that in obese men at baseline state, leptin concentration was significantly higher than in lean men (P<0.05).We observed a positive and significant correlation between leptin and insulin; leptin and body fat percent; and a negative and significant correlation between leptin and serum free fatty acids in base state in all subjects. We concluded that leptin adapted to aerobic training and decreased in obese men. This decrease was greater than the change in fat mass.

2Background: This review aims to investigate and analyze recent studies related to the effects of various exercise training on adipokines secreted from adipose tissue in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: Search in Persian and Latin databases PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Magiran, and SID with the keywords aerobic exercise, resistance training, High-intensity interval training, diabetes, Adipokine, Leptin, Adiponectin, and Resistin, resistance training, intense interval training, aerobic exercise, combined exercise, adipokine, leptin, adiponectin and resistin were performed to retrieve articles published in the period from 2010 to 2023. Results: The results obtained from the study showed that aerobic exercise with moderate intensity (60 to 80%) reduces the leptin levels of diabetic patients, however, the effect of combined exercises (aerobic and resistance) is much greater than other types of exercises. In addition, aerobic exercises with moderate intensity (50 to 70%) lead to an increase in adiponectin levels in diabetic patients, however, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) had a greater effect in increasing adiponectin levels than other exercises. Also, studies showed that all three types of activities, aerobic exercise (50-70% intensity), intense intermittent exercise, and resistance exercise (30-70% 1RM) have the same effects in reducing the resistance levels of diabetic patients. Conclusion: aerobic exercises with medium and high intensity and especially combined exercises (aerobic and resistance) while improving adipokines, decreasing leptin and resistin levels, and also increasing adiponectin in diabetic patients.