Some orientalists has considered neither subject nor predicate accusatives in Arabic as complementary and some Arabic syntax researchers called them special builder and some named them supplementary. But Azarnoosh has named them adverb. This naming, adverb, because of the correspondence of most of these accusatives with adverb in Persian and English, is correct, exact and also more shortened, illustrative and exclusive than other names. Also finding equivalent and teaching it to others is simpler too.This syntactic category has two forms: 1. Singular 2. Compound. Most of the singular adverbs can be changed into compound ones while reserving the meaning, usage and grammatical role. Regarding the characteristics of adverb, the definition is as follows: adverb is a meaningful and neither subject nor predicate part of sentence in Arabic syntax which determines the aspect and direction of the sentence in case of being singular or compound and it plays one the eight grammatical roles such as: adverb of time and place, adverb of reason, companionship adverb, intensifier adverb, state adverb, explicating adverb, exception adverb and specialized adverb.

The present research investigates the roles and functions of the hide tellers and appointees in the story of Darab-nama of Tarsusi with the descriptive-analytical method. These agents can be manifestations of the FARRAH whose role is to save the hero's life or give awareness. After investigation, we divided them in two categories: the first is in the form of natural elements such as animals, plants, celestial bodies, etc., which shows the ancient connection between man and nature, and the second is in the form of songs which reaches the hero's ears from the unseen world as if it is the voice of God. The first category is responsible for saving the hero's life and the second group is the role of informing and informing the hero about the events that have happened in the past or will happen in the future, as well as finding out about these events in the future. It is to travel the path and pass through the bottlenecks; Therefore, these factors play a role in the spiritual growth and excellence of the protagonist. On the other hand, maybe it is the coincidence of these two types of assignments that made the hero's love remain with him until the end of the story and not leave the hero; Because his physical and spiritual growth are twin, and this prevents the hero from being surprised and arrogant. The most hidden is the voice that comes from somewhere and saves the hero's life in most cases.

The present research investigates the roles and functions of the hide tellers and appointees in the story of Darab-nama of Tarsusi with the descriptive-analytical method. These agents can be manifestations of the FARRAH whose role is to save the hero's life or give awareness. After investigation, we divided them in two categories: the first is in the form of natural elements such as animals, plants, celestial bodies, etc., which shows the ancient connection between man and nature, and the second is in the form of songs which reaches the hero's ears from the unseen world as if it is the voice of God. The first category is responsible for saving the hero's life and the second group is the role of informing and informing the hero about the events that have happened in the past or will happen in the future, as well as finding out about these events in the future. It is to travel the path and pass through the bottlenecks,Therefore, these factors play a role in the spiritual growth and excellence of the protagonist. On the other hand, maybe it is the coincidence of these two types of assignments that made the hero's love remain with him until the end of the story and not leave the hero,Because his physical and spiritual growth are twin, and this prevents the hero from being surprised and arrogant. The most hidden is the voice that comes from somewhere and saves the hero's life in most cases.

One of the most important debates in public administration has been Political attitudes and activities of bureaucrats and their impact on their performance that has been studied in politics-administration dichotomy. In order to prevent of curroption in public service public administration researchers argue that administration should not involve in political patronage. Also political officials should not do extensive political appointees in all of the administrative levels. But we see that in developing countries, when winning certain political patry, many of the public administrators were changed. This paper purposes to argue the Cause of this process for politicization of the public organizations and it's influence on individuals performance and behavior. In this regard, this research examined the effect of political attitudes of bureaucrats on their organizational citizenship behavior (OCB).The results showed that political attitudes have a significant correlation with OCB and that the bureaucrats that belong to the ruling party exhibit more OCB than others.

Women"s management has brought up admirable achievements in the organizations of different countries. But in most of the government organizations of Iran the tendency is toward appointing male managers. It seems the reasons of such selection are more gender factor rather than capacities and abilities of appointees. According to management theories, there are many factors behind the issue. This article aims to answer the question of:" With the improvements in women"s education and social participations in recent years, why women do not have access to managerial positions in the government?" Factors of organization"s culture, male managers" attitude toward women and their managerial skills have been studied. The findings provide evidences on negative attitudes of male decision-makers about women"s abilities for management. Also, organizational culture does not favor the presence of women at the management level. In addition, there is no significant difference between male and female managers in their cognitive skills.

Women's management has been able to make admirable contributions to the organization of different countries. Researchers are particularly interested in studying the contributions made by women in decision making and running managerial positions in developing countries. In broad terms, effects of gender empowerment in areas such as political, economic, managerial fields constitute the most important issues to study. Women possess considerable potential to contribute to the development of Iran. This is due to their sheer population size, increasing educational base, managerial skills, and the like. Nonetheless, women have encountered many problems in the course of development process. For instance, most government organizations of Irān tend to tilt toward appointing male managers. The rationale for such a tendency seems to be more gender oriented rather than being based on differential capacities/abilities of the appointees. Management theories cite many factors to be at work in this regard. This article aims to answer the question of: given the empowerment enjoyed by women, due to enhanced education and greater participation, in recent years, why is it that they have not yet been able to play an important role in the development process?

ABSTRACTThe position of jurisprudence in Islamic teachings, since it is considered the rule over the soul, property and breadth of others, it principally belongs to God in essence, which it attributes to the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and the pure Imams (AS) and through these chosen ones, it has been devolved to their appointees. Therefore, special customs and practices have been legislated for judgeship in comparison with other government institutions. Observance of equality among the litigants is an issue that in this descriptive and analytical study based on the judicial thought of Imam Reza (AS) and along with other religious sources, leads to the inference of the principle of equality in judicial affairs. In the view of Imam Reza (AS) following the attribution of the hadith to him: “Make sure that you must act equally between the two opponents, even looking at the two opponents”, a deep meaning of the profession of equality of the judge between the parties to the dispute is needed, which named “the principle of judicial equality”. With the explanation that according to the application of this narration, the judge uses the necessity of establishing equality among the adversaries, the rejection of any kind of behavior, speech and dissenting thought, as well as the evenness and equalization among them. This principle as a profession, can make the equality rule over the material behavior of judges in etiquette-based dimension, and also rule their internal affairs in the moral dimension of this profession. The principle, the flow of which ensures the integrity of the litigation process, and its comprehensiveness includes various legal principles and rules based on the impartiality of the judge.

Convincing addressee has been and still is one of the best means of influence on the other persons. It is an effective figurative device for impact on the addressees. This device enumerated as the basic axis in conveying ideas and realization of goals between the speaker and addressee through means of convincing and excitement. Firm argumentation and reasoning is one of the distinguished characteristics of this communicative attitude. The present article studies some simple instances of the convincing addressees processes in the sayings of an orator most benefited from this literary device, because his letters are full of material in terms of form, theme and integrity between elements and relations, and the text manifests as an integrate and harmonious whole. This article studies argumentation and convincing addressee in his letter to Oṯ mā n bin Ḥ onaif (one of his appointees) and seeks to study in descriptive-analytic method, how convincing techniques and processes are applied in the structure of this letter. Some of the consequences of the study are: the letter gives the addressee a deep and new attitude and worldview; The letter has an argumentative nature and Imam tries to execute his objectives through convincing and his eloquent language is equipped with several ways. In addition, the writer and sender of the letter sometimes praises and sometimes blames himself within his communicative strategy. According to one of the strategies to communicate with the addressee, the speaker descends from his political and social status to have emotional contact and personal unity. The speaker's simile pictures that are based on various forms lead the addressee to have reaction in discovering shared string between these forms.

Appointment does not refer to specific employment laws; rather, it applies in more general rules, ranging from the power of a state to the appointment of a judge to a part of the district. In the area of public law, especially constitutional and administrative law, this concept has been widely used without a clear and substantive definition. We can hardly claim the concept of appointment has a history dating back to the formation of governments, though its original form has been lost. As governments change today, the question of what the legal nature of appointing executives, whether political or professional, is and what their effects are, remains unanswered. Administrative law books represent three views of the specific legal status, unilateral and contractual basis of appointment, namely employment. This descriptive-analytical study shows that the first two perspectives as the basis of appointment are in serious dispute. Also delegating administrative authority and system of affairs in the administrative hierarchy of the country in the form of legal representation in delegate power of attorney and even the hiring of individuals, despite some strategic analysis, is difficult. The results show that the appointment is consistent with the concept of rule 'of pacta sunt servanda' as a binding contract in the field of administrative law; therefore, effects of binding contract according to principles such as supremacy of will of the state and providing public expediency is borne on it. One of the effects of this analysis according to the principle of presumption of irrevocability of contracts is non-removal from erector; this is, of course, as long as the appointees are acting within the framework of defined management orders.

One of the most important issues regarding waqf (endowment) is the scope of the Islamic government guardianship in nominating and dismissing the guardian. This problem has found a special place after the Islamic Revolution of Iran and the governance of the jurist for the affairs of the country, and since no comprehensive and integrated research has been conducted regarding this issue, the scope of the government intervention in the nomination and dismissal of the guardian of special and general awqaf (the plural form of waqf) is not that much clear. Sometimes a situation arises for the guardian that undoubtedly requires the intervention of the government such as in cases where the guardian does not have the necessary competence and the continuation of his guardianship over the Mawqufeh (the item that has been endowed) can ruin the interests of the mawqufeh and mawquf Alayhim (The person or people to whom the waqf is allocated). In these cases, a primitive confrontation can be imagined between the guardianship of the government and the guardian, and through a proper jurisprudential analysis, the guardianship of the government on the guardianship of Waqif (The person who endows the item) and the guardian is prior to the Mawqufeh. In the event of the death of the governor, the guardianship of her appointees in the position of the guardian of waqf is continuous until the living governor announces a dismissal. This study, through the library method and search in the above generalities and applications, seeks to clarify the limits of the guardianship and the governor's authority in determining, nominating, and dismissing a trustee in the waqf institution with or without dominating the waqif as well as the status of guardians appointed by the governor after his death.