Background and purpose: Aphasia is the most common communication disorder resulting from stroke. In this condition all modalities of language, including reading, writing, auditory perception, and oral speech may be affected. Aphasia is divided into two categories: fluent (Wernicke's aphasia, Transcortical sensory aphasia, conduction aphasia, and anomic aphasia) and non-fluent (Broca's aphasia, global aphasia, transcortical motor aphasia, and mixed transcortical aphasia). As a result, the types of aphasia depend on the area of brain damage. In this study, the relationship between fluent aphasia and non-fluent aphasia with the brain damage area was investigated in stroke patients admitted to hospitals affiliated with Babol University of Medical Sciences in 2018. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, the diagnosis and discrimination of aphasia types were determined by performing the Persian version of the aphasia test and MRI/CT-scan images were taken to find the exact brain damage area. Data were analyzed in SPSS V26. Results: We studied 123 patients. There were 70 cases with aphasia (mean age: 68. 16 years), including 41 men and 29 women. Frontal lobes (25. 7%) and temporal lobes (25. 7%) were the most common brain regions affected. Conclusion: Damage to the frontal lobe and its surrounding areas is associated with incidence of aphasia, and damage to the temporal lobe and its surrounding areas is linked to the occurrence of fluent aphasia.

Background and Aim: Impairment of noun retrieval is common among aphasic patients, but some of previous studies represent differences between noun retrieval ability of various aphasia syndromes. Current study investigates and compares the picture naming ability of 4 patients with fluent and non-fluent aphasia.Materials and Methods: Present study investigated the naming ability of 2 fluent and 2 non-fluent aphasic patients with oral picture naming test. This test contains line drawing of 109 nouns. Patients were asked to name each picture with a single word. Responses were classified according to Philadelphia Naming Test scoring system as correct and semantic, formal, mixed, non-word, unrelated and others error (no response, description/circumlocution, miscellaneous error). Then, the data were investigated in terms of descriptive statistics and analyzed by Mann-Whitney U test.Results: The score of non-fluent aphasics was more than fluent ones. The percentage of semantic errors in fluent group and no responses among non-fluent patients were more than the other types. Despite of personal differences, all error types were found in responses of patients. The difference between score and error types in fluent and non-fluent patients was not significant (p>05).Conclusion: This scoring system can define a variety of word retrieval errors. The fluent aphasics have more noun retrieval problems than non-fluent patients. Although, there are differences between two groups, but error type in picture naming is not a precise factor for distinguish between various aphasia syndromes and there is similarity in impaired underling mechanisms and naming behavior of them.  

Background: The relation between disfluency and aspects of language, including phonology, has been investigated for many years. Whereas past literature reported that the incidence of phonological difficulties is higher in children who stutter when compared to normally fluent children, the suggestion of association between the two disorders also drew several critical evaluation. This study investigated the phonological awareness abilities of four-and five-year old nonfluent preschool children. Methods: This cross-sectional comparative study was done on 50 children. 25 non-fluent preschool children (21 boys and 4 girls) were paired according to age, sex and socioeconomic status to their typically fluent peers. Participants completed multiple measures of phonological awareness abilities, as well as measures of expressive and receptive vocabulary and articulation. Results: Regarding the scores of the phonological awareness test there were significant differences between non-fluent children and their typically fluent peers. The four year old children who were non-fluent performed significantly less well than their typically fluent peers on tasks of syllable awareness, intra syllable awareness and phoneme syllable awareness. The five year old non-fluent preschool children performed significantly less well than their typically fluent peers on tasks of intra syllable awareness and phoneme syllable awareness. Conclusion: Results suggest that non-fluent preschool children have phonological differences in aspects of phonological awareness that may contribute to an unstable language planning system in preschool children who stutter.

Introduction: Normal non-fluency is one of the most common speech disorder with numerous complications in children. Hypotheses proposed for the causes of the disorder is working memory disfunction. This study was designed to examine phonological working memory function in these children and with hope to use its results in treatment.Method: In this causal-comparative study, 30 normal non-fluent males (age 5 to 6 years) and 30 normal males, were assessed with standard tests including digit recall, word recall and non word repetition. After calculating scores of subjects in each of the three tests performed, in order to analyze data and compare the difference between the two groups, t test for comparison of independent groups and Mann-Whitney U was used.Results: Results showed that boys with normal non-fluency, in the three test; digit recall (p<0.006), word recall (p<0.001) and non word repetition (p<0.000), had significantly lower gains than control group.Conclusion: Considering the results of this study and previous studies based on healthy of other indicators such as working memory and language aspects in these children as well as our results, motor and linguistic theories about stuttering and also possible based on normal non-fluency into the stuttering; can be said in some areas of the brain related to speech motor processes that comply with the phonological loop, have poor performance.

Water crisis and providing water is one of the most important problems that humans are facing. There are several ways for water extraction, depending on population and resources. In this simulation, water is extracted by a cooling tower from humid air. Humid air enters the buried pipes with fans. Then the air reaches the cooling tower. Because of the difference in temperature between air and pipes, air temperature decreases. After this process, there is an amount of water extracted from humid air. The extracted water can be used as drinkable water or for agricultural purposes. In this project, we simulate air flow by Ansys fluent. Then, by using air condition formulas, combined with the numerical solution, the amount of extracted water can be calculated. In addition, in the first hours of the day, because the temperature difference is more than at the end of the day, the amount of extracted water is different throughout a day. We can find out that in the second half of the day, the air is cooler than the tower, so the air is cooling the tower and preparing the system for the next day.

Hydraulic jump has been used for dissipation of kinetic energy downstream of hydraulic structures such as spillways, chutes and gates. It is found by many researches that if jumps are made to occur on a corrugated bed, tail water and length of jumps will be reduced significantly. During formation of hydraulic jump on a corrugated bed the flow is turbulent, with water and air being mixed together. In the present study numerical simulations of hydraulic jump on corrugated bed were done by the CFD's fluent software in two dimensions using standard k-ε and RNG k-ε models. The free surface was determined using the VOF method. The results showed that the k-ε turbulent models and VOF method for predicting water surface in the jump on the corrugated bed were suitable and the relative error of the predicted water surface profiles and measured values were within 2-7%. The study of the axial velocity profiles at different sections in the jump showed that velocity profiles in different experiments were similar and the agreement between the experimental and numerical results was satisfactory. Also the effects of corrugations on the basic characteristics of the jump such as free surface location, velocity and shear stress distributions were studied for different values of Froude number.

Fluency in a second language (L2) involves a quintessentially cognitive processing system that operates quickly and effectively. The perceived importance of researching fluency through a psycholinguistic lens has motivated the related L2 research to resort to current cognitive speaking-specific models. This study, drawing on Levelt's (1999a) psycholinguistic model, probed the deficiency sources (DSs) (non) fluent L2 speakers encounter in L2 communication and then surveyed the problem-solving mechanisms (PSMs) they happen to engage in to circumvent or mitigate the bottle-neck effects of the deficiencies. First, an analytic fluency rating scale was developed to assess the audio-recorded (monologic and dialogic) speech samples of a large number of L2 speakers and identify the fluent and nonfluent speakers. Two questionnaires and output-related retrospective interviews were employed to explore the (non) fluent L2 speakers' DSs and PSMs. The MANOVA results and the interpretative analysis of retrospective data revealed that the nonfluent participants mainly suffered from resource deficits, processing time pressure, and perceived deficiencies in the interlocutor's performance. Specifically, they felt adversely pressured by an onrush of competing plans or the absence of any to chart their minds, floundered on feeling incapable of configuring a viable syntactic structure for their intended meanings, were restrained groping for the right lemma to fit their notions, or faltered due to a daunting uncertainty of the phonological accuracy. Meanwhile, they resorted to ineffective oral-production strategies such as message abandonment and reduction, which resulted in disfluent speech. The fluent participants, however, did not suffer from these DSs and employed PSMs more consistently. They were able to dynamically reformulate the notions or the preverbal message, apply a revitalized encoding mechanism, use various stalling mechanisms, and negotiate meaning in order to monitor the articulation. The findings suggest that any attempt intended to improve or assess L2 fluency pivot on a psycholinguistic approach to L2 oral production.

Background: It is well known that healthy and cancer cells are different in energy consumption. These differences lead to small changes in local temperature, so infrared thermal imaging (thermography) are applications for diagnosis of several types of cancer such as breast cancer. There are some problems in our country such as a variety of cultural and religious issues to take sample thermal images of the breast, so it is time consuming procedure to take samples. For verification of cancer detection algorithm from thermal images, its necessary to simulate the thermal profile of the breast as a database .One way to achieve optimal database is using thermal images of breast tissue that is simulated by computer.Methods: Doing this needs some steps, first we used statistical software to achieve point of breast volume, and then we meshed this volume by using Gambit software. In the next step the volume that was created, was entered into the fluent software in order to simulate normal breast, finally tumor with 2 cm diameter was put in certain depth (6 cm) with simulation thermal images of abnormal breast. Also, this tumor was put in different depth and evaluated the temperature changes on the surface.Results: It clearly shows that the tumor had considerable influence on the simulated thermal profile of the breast. It is possible to simulate various types of breast without any modern heat equipment and verifying validation of diagnostic algorithms.Conclusion: Simulations of thermal profiles show that tumor, disrupts the heat distribution on the surface of the breast.