Devices in the course of the evolution of science and technology continue to grow and develop for greater efficiency as well as being placed on smaller scales. The increasement use of microchips in the fields of medicine, services and etc. has caused a lot of concerns about the legal regulations of society and human about managing and control over this new technology, including license and legal effects of this technology. The use of this technology, especially its implantation in the human body for therapeutic purposes, from a jurisprudential and legal point of view, leads to consequences and liabilities for the person receiving the microchip, the physician and the factors that create or guide it. microchips implantation in human and animal bodies is done for different purposes, but the invasion of human body is basically forbidden and illegitimate and the use of this technology and its disorders in legitimate cases may also cause injuries and damages to the receiver and others. Therefore, this article is a descriptive and analytical research method to describe this achievement and especially the civil liability caused by physical, mental and financial damages of its use and analyzes various assumptions of how to create legal liability.

Introduction: A new microfluidic-based method with electrochemical detection was developed for the simultaneous quantification of acetaminophen (AP) and phenylephrine (PHE) pharmaceuticals in the human blood and pharmaceuticals (e. g. tablet and drop). Methods: The separation was achieved on a SU8/glass microchip with a 100 μ m Pt working electrode that was positioned out of the channel and 2-(N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid was used as a running buffer (pH 7, 10 mM). Home designed modulated high voltage power supply and dual time switcher was used for controlling the injection and separation of the analytes in the unpinched injection mode. Results: The injection was carried out using +750 V for 7 seconds, and the separation and detection voltages were set at +1000 V and +0. 9 V, respectively. Critical parameters such as detection potential, buffer concentration, injection, and separation voltage were studied in terms of their effects on the resolution, peak height, and migration times. For each analyte, the correlation coefficients were over 0. 99 (n = 6). The developed microchip was able to detect AP and phenylephrine simultaneously with the limit of detection of 7. 9 and 5. 2 (μ g/mL) respectively for PHE and AP and excellent linear range of 10-200 (μ g/mL). The recovery of the drugs ranged from 96% to 103%, while the repeatability of the method through inter-and intra-day was lower than 7%. Conclusion: The developed method offers several advantages, including easy sample pretreatment process, simplicity, very fast analysis compared to other typical chromatographic methods. Thus, the proposed microfluidic-based method is proposed to be used as a time-and cost-effective monitoring method for the analysis of AP and PHE.

Purpose: To compare the effects of microfluidic sperm sorting, density gradient and swim-up methods on the oxidative reduction potential (ORP) of split semen samples from a single patient population. Materials and Methods: A prospective controlled study was conducted to compare the effects of three different semen processing methods using split semen samples from the same population of infertile men. The primary outcome was the ORP. Secondary outcomes were the sperm concentration, progressive motility rate and total sperm motility. Results: A total of 57 split semen samples were included in this study. The ORP was significantly lower in the microfluidic group compared to the density gradient and swim-up groups (P < 0. 05). The ORP/sperm concentration ratio was significantly lower in the microfluidic and density gradient groups compared to the swim-up group (P < 0. 05). Total sperm concentration was significantly higher in the density gradient group than the microfluidic and swim-up groups (P < 0. 05). Motility was significantly higher in the microfluidic and swim-up groups than the density gradient group (P < 0. 05). The progressive motile sperm rate was significantly higher in the microfluidic and swim-up groups than the density gradient group (P < 0. 05). Conclusion: Microfluidic sperm sorting was better for selecting highly motile sperm and yielded a lower ORP than conventional sperm preparation methods.

In this paper, we designed and fabricated a microfluidic chip for in vitro oocyte maturation. All processes have been simulated using COMSOL multiphysics software prior to fabrication of the microchip, to achieve an optimized geometry. Finally, using soft lithography, we will discuss the different stages of optimized manufacturing process for the designed microchip in detail. The fabricated microchip has been implemented using the commercial elastomer, Poly dimethyl siloxane (PDMS) in the micro fabrication laboratory and have been clinically evaluated over mice oocytes in different stages using infertility laboratory facilities and its issues has been identified and resolved. The maturation process has been compared to the standard IVM of oocytes and significant improvement has been observed.

The invention of microfluidic devices has led to a dramatic change in engineering, medicine, and biomedicine. Microfluidic devices provide the conditions for cell culture in real body dimensions. In the present study, a microfluidic chip was fabricated that is capable of keeping cells alive under dynamic flow conditions. This microchip consists of a microchannel in which cells are cultured. Different amounts of shear stress are exerted to the cells by passing culture media. The results of the flow field simulation show that in the flow rate of 1 to 100 microliters per minute, the shear stress distribution is uniform. In this range of flow rate, shear stress varies from 0. 005434 to 0. 5432dyn/cm2, which is within the allowable shear stress for cells. Large shear stresses, such as a flow rate of 1000 microliters per minute, cause the cell wall to rupture, and eventually disintegration. The experimental results confirm that the growth and proliferation of cells vary for different amounts of growth factor as a chemical factor. The cells filled the microchannel for a growth factor of 15% on the fifth day of culture, while without growth factor, the microchannel was filled on the seventh day. The results indicate that this microchip can maintain cells alive for more than a week. Also, by adjusting the flow, different amounts of shear stress can be applied to the cells. Therefore, this microchip can perform various cellular tests to investigate the effect of shear stress on the cells. . .

This study focuses on the precise production of droplets in a droplet-based microfluidic device, where monodisperse oil-in-water emulsions with controlled droplet sizes are generated. The primary objective is to achieve uniform emulsions by examining key parameters such as additives in the continuous aqueous phase, internal phase flow rates, and the microfluidic device's geometric characteristics. Initially, the geometric parameters of the microchip for emulsion formation were selected using numerical simulations, and the results were validated through experimental tests of emulsion production with the microchip. The precision of the outcomes is enhanced using an innovative 3D printing method for microchip manufacturing, enabling the creation of identical microdevice copies. In the experimental phase, the optimal conditions for producing uniform droplets were identified by examining the effects of various additives in the external aqueous phase, different internal phase flow rates, and the geometric parameters of the microfluidic device. The results demonstrate that the distance between the two capillaries can control droplet size and frequency, the internal phase flow rate, and the type of additive in the external phase, allowing for emulsions with droplet sizes ranging from 500 to 1000 microns. Specifically, the distance between the capillary tubes significantly affects droplet size, contributing to 30% of the variation when this distance is increased sixfold. Additionally, the study reveals that the increase in droplet diameter due to a higher internal phase flow rate varies with different additives in the external phase. For instance, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) results in a 6.65-fold increase in droplet production frequency with a sixfold increase in the internal phase flow rate. Furthermore, the type of additive in the external phase can independently control droplet size. For example, with a specific internal-to-external phase ratio, oil droplets measure 600.8 μm in an external phase containing SDS, 582.2 μm with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and 615.4 μm with Triton X-100. This method can precisely control droplet size and frequency, making it suitable for generating precursor emulsions for engineered micro- and millimeter-sized polymer particles aimed at drug delivery or cell culture applications. The study successfully ensures consistent and uniform emulsions by manipulating these critical parameters through this combined approach of numerical simulations and experimental validation.

As a typical microdroplet, double emulsion droplet, has received much attention and been widely used in recent years. For a simplified double-cross-shaped microchannel, the process of preparing double emulsion droplets is numerically simulated in this paper. The mechanism of droplet forming was analyzed, and the effects of the angles of the inner-, middle-, and outer-phase channels of the microchip, length of the focusing hole, and expansion angle on the process and quality of the double emulsion droplet formation were investigated. The variation in angles between each inlet channel affects the droplet area, the change in expansion angle affects the flow pattern of droplets, the change in each geometric parameter affects the monodispersity of droplets. The droplet area is fitted to the microchannel geometric parameters and the functional expressions that represent their relationship are derived. The work in this paper provides a reference for the practical production and research of double emulsion droplets.