The pronunciation mechanism in the human vocal system enables the production of linguistic sounds of various types, and at levels of performance characterized by accuracy of language in transmitting the code sent from the brain to perform the sounds with specific waves understood by the members of speech community, and based on this the human pronunciation device is capable of producing linguistic voices of different types in all the languages of the world, and the lengths in vowels and consonant sounds commensurate with the nature of the production of language in each speech community. The difficulty in producing language voices in a language is by speakers of other language, that is how to train speech organs to produce the voices of language B just like the manner in which native speakers pronounce sounds. The languages of the world differ in the distribution of the phones and tend to use the easier in the areas of the center and the introduction of the mouth, unlike the Arabic language, which is witnessing the distribution of the output of the use of all areas of the pronunciation machine in the alphabetical voice. This research highlights the problems of the performance of sounds In the Arabic language of non-native speakers, despite the availability of the appropriate environment for language training on the production of the sounds of the Arabic language through the spread and transmission of the production of the Koranic text in some Aryan languages, and we chose the Persian language as model in the analysis of acoustic voices problem Producing a number of solutions that contribute to the education and control of the voices of the Arabic language in the production.

One of the important fields of research and study which recently has been absorbed a lot of attention is Persian literature review, based on new theories of linguistics and literature. The theory of "deviation of norm" is one of these theories which the first time was offered by "Leech". It is also one of the main causes of emerging literary style…

Native speakers represent new concepts by semantic expansion or by creating new lexemes based on their language intuition. Usually unconscious word-formation is phonologically unmarked; therefore, there is a direct relation between the unmarkedness of the phonological structure of the lexemes and their frequencies. Based on the statistical analysis of 500000 Persian words, this study tries to give the spectrum of markedness in phonological structure and phonotactics of the lexemes. The findings of this study illustrate that in conscious word-formation if the newly formed word benefits an unmarked phonological structure, the native speakers will welcome it. Otherwise, conscious word-formation, at least phonologically, will not be successful.

Dictionaries have traditionally employed various methods to represent different types of phonetic information, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Today, general dictionaries provide more phonetic information in addition to the phonetic form, such as alternate pronunciations, stress patterns, syllabic structure, and phonetic processes. This article examines the types of phonetic information presented in English and Persian general dictionaries, with a focus on two newer Persian dictionaries, Farhang-e Fārsī and Farhang-e Rūz-e Sokhan, analyzing how they represent phonetic information.

Language is one of the most important ways of human relationship, and it is divided into different groups on the basis of linguistic, grammatical and phonetic similarities. The divisions were in the past in terms of politics and geography, so they are wrong. The Arabic and Hebrew languages are among the Semitic languages that surround West Asia and North Africa. And the first to give this name to these languages was the German Schweisser, who noticed many similarities between the languages of this region, so he called them the Semitic languages, and the most appropriate of the Semites to Shem ibn al-Nuh (pbuh). Among the branches of the sublime tree are many languages such as Arabic, Hebrew, Ugaritic, Syriac, Ethiopic, Aramaic, Babylonian, Assyrian, etc. Among them are what is alive and what is dead or replaced by another language. There are common words in their origin between Arabic and Hebrew, and we see phonetic contrasts between them . This article follows a descriptive-analytical approach and will address an important issue of comparative linguistic study, which is "phonetic contrast" in the light of the Semitic languages {Arabic and Hebrew}, by searching for the concept of sound change and its mechanisms, and observing its forms between the Arabic and Hebrew languages and It turns out, Arabic and Hebrew are the two sister languages, and there is a close connection between them in terms of grammar and phonetics. However, in the field of phonology, we see many differences between them, some of which are common and some of which are rare, as indicated in the examples. These differences are not confined to Hebrew, but are found in most Semitic languages. The other and also in most languages of the world. The two languages have the same geographical root and linguistic origin, and there is a great overlap in the pronunciation of words, the manufacture of sentences and paragraphs between Arabic and Hebrew, and a difference in the way letters are written.

The present paper is an experimental study that addresses the insertion of the palatal glide [j] and glottal consonants [h] and [? ] to prevent vowel hiatus in Persian. Data included Persian words involving the sound sequence V1-V2 where V1 was the last sound of the root and V2 was the beginning vowel of a suffix (either derivational, inflectional or enclitic). In the previous literature it has been assumed that the insertion of a consonant in VI-V2 sequences in Persian is sensitive to the phonetic specification of the first vowel. Thus, words were selected such that V1 was any of the six vowels of the Persian sound system. Acoustic analyses of the data included measurement of variation of the first and second formant frequencies as wells as variation of energy in the FFT spectra (overall intensity and intensity in the higher frequency bands). Results suggested that while the insertion of [j] changes the frequency of the first two formants F1 and F2, the insertion of the glottal consonants fails to trigger frequency changes in the spectra. The results further suggested that the intensity of higher formant frequencies is more highly to reduce due to the insertion of mediating consonants than overall intensity or the intensity of lower formant frequencies. The results were interpreted to suggest that variation in phonation type is the most noticeable acoustic change that occurs when the glide [j] or the glottal consonants [h] and [? ] is inserted in V-V. This change is the least phonetic change that is required to reform vowel hiatus in Persian by turning the ungrammatical sequence V-V to the grammatical VCV one. From the phonological point of view, the findings presented in this research are in line with Chomsky and Halle's (1968) model of phonetic features in which glides and glottal consonants are represented by the same features [-vocalic] and [-cons].

Objective: Evaluation of nasalance is one of the important factors of instrumental evaluation of voice in persons susceptible to resonance disorder. There are different factors which can affect nasalance score. One of the most important factors is phonetic context of words and the other is sentences. We studied some effects of this important factor on nasalance score in normal Farsi speakers. Materials & Methods: This study is a cross-sectional and descriptive-analytic study of nasalance scores of words in male and 60 female normal and Farsi speakers aged 18-27 years old. Subjects were selected from students of rehabilitation college which hadn’t any auditory, articulatory, fluency, and resonance problem. They hadn’t cold, or any other disease which could affect their voice. Twelve printed words (6 words with and 6 words without nasal consonants) were read by each of subjects, and nasalance of them were calculated by Nasal View, and then, the gathered data were analysed.  Results: Mean Nasalance scores of words without nasal consonants in ascending order are for words /dâd/, /bâl/, /dærd/, /bur/, /did/, and /bil/; SDs are nearly follow this order. Mean Nasalance scores of words with nasal consonants in ascending order are for words /mâl/, /nærd/, /dân/, /mur/, /mil/, and /din/; SDs are nearly follow this order. Maximum nasalance score in nasal words is for /din/, and minimum is for /mâl/. Maximum nasalance score in nonnasal words is for /bil/, and minimum is for /dâd/. Mean nasalance scores of males and females are compared with each other. Conclusion: Findings of this study prepared useful information about nasalance score in adult Farsi speakers wich can be a good start for access to standardized data for different aspects of voice. In addition, it shows that mean nasalance score of words can be significantly changed with these factors: different vowels, presence or absence of nasal consonants, and gender. This study shows the necessity of investigating about the effect of different phonetic contexts, manner and placement of articulation too.

The musical system is the basis of the Verbal Miracle of the Holy Quran one of whose examples can be seen in the Surah “ Al-Rahman” . This system puts emphasis on two theories: First, the theory of “ Harmony Voice” ; in this case, some collections of vowels and consonants have been referred to. Second, the theory of “ Onomatopoeia” which includes the meaning of phonemes and their roles in the definition of the verses. This relationship between the phonemes and the definitions has not happened accidentally, but it is meaningful and predetermined. The musical system creates two other systems: “ the Rhythmic System” and “ the Quranic Distance” .

The holy Quran - miracle of Muhammad the prophet (PBUH) - is an everlasting treasure which was inspired to him with the emergence of Islam. As time goes by more and more astonishing originalities are discovered in this divine book. One aspect of the holy Quran which has not been thoroughly paid attention to is its musical and phonetic system. This is the impression made by the musical recital of the holy Quran and not by its precious content the impression mead by textual structure and not by meaning. This musical intonation is woven into the words and sentences of the holy Quran and is only apprehended through high imperceptible understanding. The present article studies this aspect of the holy Ourem.