Five genotypes of chickpea as a half diallel crossed with each other, in 2008, 5 parents and 10 progenies were planted as randomized complete block design and some traits including days to podding, basal pod height, number of pods per plant, number of double seed pods per plant, number of single seed pods per plant, number of empty pods per plant, seeds per plant and seed yield per plant were evaluated. According to diallel variance analysis, for the traits the basal pod height and number of empty pods per plant, only additive genetic effects was significant. For number of double seed pods per plant only non-additive genetic effects were significant and for other traits, both of additive and non-additive genetic effects were significant. The degree of dominance average for the basal pod height was lower than one and for other traits was more than one. Narrow sense heritability exception of basal pod height (0.47) that relatively high, in the other traits was low, which shows the inheritance of these traits is quantitative and complex. Therefore, probably of successful selection these traits in early generations are low. Direction of dominance were negative for days to podding, number of double seed pods per plant, seed number and seed yield per plant that indicating amplifier effects of dominant genes for these traits, while the positive direction of dominance for basal pod height, number of pod, number of single seed pods per plant and number of empty pods per plant illustrates the effect of reducing dominant genes.

Most of chickpea producing countries and Iran are located in arid and semi-arid zones and drought stress during pod formation and seed filling in this crop is one of the most important yield limiting factors. In order to study the effects of different irrigation levels on physiological characteristics including total dry weight (TDW), crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR) and yield of chickpea cultivars, an experiment was conducted in agricultural farm of Bu-Ali Sina University in 2006. Three irrigation levels including irrigation at podding, irrigation at podding and seed filling, and no irrigation in addition five Kabuli chickpea cultivars (Arman, Jam, Hashem, Flip 93-93 and ILC 482) were compared in a split plot experiment on the basis of completely randomized block design with three replications. In all irrigation levels, maximum leaf area index, total dry weight, crop growth rate and yield were observed in Flip 93-93 cultivar. Application of one irrigation at podding, increased total dry weight and crop growth rate in Hashem and Arman in compare to the other cultivars. In two times irrigation at poddimg and seed filling the maximum increasing of mentioned factors was belonging to Hashem cultivar when compared with no irrigation. There was a significant difference between the yields under three irrigation levels. The highest yield obtained using two times irrigation. Irrigation at podding and no irrigation decreased the yield for the amounts of 17 and 37.5% respectively in compare to the two times irrigation at podding and seed filling. In both of one and two times irrigation the highest increase in the percentage of seed yield was observed in Flip 93-93 and jam cultivars respectively.

Background and Objectives: Soybean is a plant belonging to the Fabaceae family and is one of the most important oil seed in the world. The northern provinces of Iran are the main soybean cultivation regions in the country, but over the years, soybean podding disorder has reduced yield in this regions and caused up to 100% damage. The disorder is more severe in late planting farms, and symptoms can be observed as plant greening, accumulation of flowers and pods, abnormal pods, bud blight, and lack of seed in pod. The results of previous studies have shown the possible role of viruses in occurrence of soybean disorder. This research was conducted to investigate the Nepovirus effect on soybean yield and cultivars, and possible role on soybean podding disorder. Materials and Methods: 770 soybean sample from Golestan provinces were collected befor and after disorder appeared, and tested by DAS-ELISA and RT-PCR test for investigate the possible role of Nepovirus in disorder. The response of soybean cultivars to Nepovirus and soybean podding disorder, was evaluated in greenhouse and natural conditions. In greenhouse, 2 soybean cultivars (Katol and Saman) were inoculated mechanically at the 4-6 leaf stage. For comparison of soybean cultivars response to studied viruses and evaluation of possible role of Nepovirus on soybean podding disorder in natural condition, the experiment was performed in Golestan Agricuitural Research center as a split plot design with three factors: using net, virus inoculation and soybean cultivars with 3 replications in two years. Nepoviruses inoculated on specific plots on soybean plants at 4-6 leaf stages. ELISA and RT-PCR tests were used to ensure the plants infection with inoculated viruses, and growth indices were measured at physiological growth stage. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA, and the means were compared with LSD test at 5% confidence level, using SPSS software version 16. 0. Results: Comparing of viruse frequency in not disorder plants with podding disorder plants, did not show significant relationship between viruses and disorder incidence. In greenhouse, virus inoculation on soybean plants, caused chlorosis, stunt and systemic necrosis, but the typical symptoms of disorder such as severe falling of flowers, re-flowering, and plant greening did not show. In natural conditions, disorder was observed in all soybean cultivars, but disorder incidence was different amongcultivars, and Williams variety showed less disorder in four treatments. The highest and lowest plant growth indices were observed in non-inoculation virus with use of net treatment and, virus inoculation with no use of net, respectively. Mechanical virus inoculation on different soybean cultivars, although reduced growth indices and soybeans yield, but had no significant effect on the podding disorder. In treatments with not controlling of sucker pests, the incidence of disorder was significantly higher than other treatments. Conclusion: Virus inoculation on soybean plants in greenhouse and natural conditions did not cause podding disorder syndrome. Viruses in soybean plants, reduce growth indices and aggravate disorder due to the stress they inflict on the soybean plant, but are not probably the cause of the disorder alone. In treatments with not controlling of sucker pests, disorder incidence was significantly higher, so the role of sucker pests was estimated effective and important.

The effects of seed priming by salicylic acid on some physiological traits of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) cv. Parastou were investigated under water deficit conditions at podding stage. Experiment was done as a split block design with 3 replications in 2008 at Research Station of Zanjan University. Main factor consisted of two levels of irrigation (normal irrigation and deficit irrigation at podding stages) and seed priming with salicylic acid as a sub factor in 5 levels (0, 900, 1800, 2700, 3600 µM). Analysis of variance showed that irrigation and salicylic acid had significant effects on all characters. Furthermore, interaction between irrigation and salicylic acid were significant only for leaf relative water content, photosynthetic rates, content of chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll and seed yield. Mean comparisons showed that relative water content, photosynthetic rates, content of chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll and seed yield decreased due to water deficit as compared to normal irrigation, but leaf internal CO2 increased. These traits, except leaf internal CO2 were increased through primed seed priming as compared to untreated seeds. Priming of seeds with 2700 µM salicylic acid had desirable effect on all traits compared to other treatments in irrigated and water deficit conditions. Seed priming with 2700 µM salicylic acid caused higher relative water content, which protects plants against water stress. In addition to increasing chlorophyll content and stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rates of plant increased. Thus, seed priming with 2700 µM salicylic acid produced highest seed yield (4424 and 2475 kg. ha-1) in both regular and deficits irrigations at podding stage, respectively.

IntroductionLentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) from the Fabaceae family, is a self-fertilizing and diploid annual plant (2n=14), herbaceous and botanically has a short and branched stem with a bright green color. Drought stress is one of the most common climate-related challenges in nature, and few plants can fully overcome it. It is a major factor limiting plant growth. Given that over 80% of the area under lentil cultivation in Iran relies on rainfed agriculture, drought has the greatest impact on reducing yield during various stages of the plant's growth and development. Supplementary irrigation technique is effective in reducing the possible risk and increasing the reliability of crop yield under rainfed conditions. Planting density can play an important and strategic role in plant yield. Materials and MethodsThe present experiment was conducted in the crop year 2023. The soil of the study site, first, was plowed and then disked and finally leveled with a trowel. Before planting, the seeds were disinfected using Captan fungicide to prevent lightning disease. After the initial preparation of the land, planting was done at the end of March 2023. The experiment was carried out in the form of split plots based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor (main plots) included two levels (irrigation at the time of planting and no supplementary irrigation) and the sub factor (subplots) was related to planting density (100, 200 and 300 plants per m2). All crop care was done at a certain time according to the customs of the research area. In this research, the characteristics of plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, number of branches per plant, dry weight of a whole plant (biomass), total weight of seeds of a plant (seed yield), 100-seed weight and the SPAD value were measured. Relevant measurements were performed with standard methods. SPSS version 26 software was used for statistical analysis of data. Results and DiscussionThe results of this study showed that there is significant genetic diversity for the studied traits. Based on the Analysis of variance results, in the case of supplementary irrigation factor, the traits of number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, biological yield, 100-seed weight and SPAD value at the probability level of 1% (P≤ 0.01) and for traits of plant height and seed yield were significant at the 5% probability level (P≤ 0.05). Regarding the planting density, traits of number of pods per plant, biological yield, seed yield, 100-seed weight and SPAD value were significant at 1% probability level (P≤ 0.01). Considering the interaction effect of these two factors (supplementary irrigation and planting density), the number of seeds per plant was significant at the 5% probability level (P≤ 0.05) and the 100-seed weight was significant at the probability level 1% (P≤ 0.01). Mojdeh cultivar with a density of 100 and 200 plants per m2 and with additional irrigation conditions at the beginning of flowering had the best yield (3.26 and 2.93 g, respectively). Correlation analysis (Pearson method) of traits showed that there is a significant correlation between the yield and other evaluated traits (P≤ 0.01 and P≤ 0.05), which indicates the relationship between yield components and yield which can pave the way for future agricultural and plant breeding research on the same topics as current research.  Conclusions According to the results of this experiment, it seems that the density of 100 or 200 plants per m2 is suitable for lentil cultivation in conditions similar to the location of this research. The results also showed the significant diversity and difference for most traits, which can be useful and practical in future agricultural and breeding programs.

There is low information regarding quantitative partition of biomass in faba (Vicia faba L. ). The purpose of this study was to obtain the values of the distribution coefficients of dry matter between different parts of faba plant under different sowing dates and densities conditions. This experiment was conducted in Gonbad Kavoos during 2012-2013 in rainfed conditions. Experimental design was a factorial arrangement of treatments based on randomized complete block design with four replications. The treatments were combinations of sowing dates (27 November 2012, 14 December 2012 and 7 January 2013) and four plant densities (8, 12, 16 and 20 plants m-2). Separately dry weight of different organs and phenological stages were measured between emergences to maturity. A linear relation was found for biomass partitioning between leaves and stems before podding stage (R3). Ratio of dry matter distribution among leaf and stem on 27November 2012, 14 December 2012 and 7 January 2013 were 62: 37, 60: 39 and 54: 40, respectively. Dry matter that was dedicated to stem more than leaf. On the other hand competition between of plants had not significant effect on dry matter distribution. Dispersion between data was more after podding stage than before it, which is probably due to translocation of dry mater. Therefore, the using of fixed partitioning coefficients isn’ t effective after podding stage. It was concluded that using fixed partitioning coefficients between leaf (0. 39) and stem (0. 58) after first-seed (R3) are not as effective as they are before this stage and using partitioning coefficients after this stage by conception of linear increase in harvest index are ideal. It was concluded that the obtained coefficients could be used for faba bean growth simulation models.

Drought is a serious problem for production of crops such as bean which is sensitive to this stress. In order to evaluate the effect of drought stress levels on physiological traits on bean cultivars, a factorial experiment in completely randomized design with three drought stress levels including after podding i. e. full irrigation as the control, slight water stress (30% water depletion of filed capacity) and intensive water stress (70% water depletion of field capacity) and four cultivars including White (Radan), Red (Azarshahr), Green (Sanray) and Pinto (Saman) was conducted in green house at faculty of agriculture, Gonbad Kavoos University, in mid-March 2014. In this experiment the traits of seed weight, grain yield, chlorophyll, prolein, protein and phenol were measured. The results showed that drought stress of last growing season was significant on all studied traits. Comparison means of cultivars in control level showed that the lowest (0. 66mg/g) and the highest (2. 20mg/g) chlorophyll amount were observed in Red and White bean, respectively, while the lowest amount of this trait in slight and intensive stress belonged to Pinto bean with 0. 60 and 0. 65mg/g, respectively. Total protein amount was higher in stress condition; the highest amount belonged to Green bean (42. 91mg/g). The highest prolein amount in slight and intensive stress was observed in White bean with 90. 08 and 10. 51, respectively. The highest and the lowest seed yield were obtained in White and Pinto beans during intensive respectively.

In order to detection and differentiation of two complications of disorder and lack of podding in soybeans, while visiting 185 soybean fields in Golestan and Mazandaran provinces, only from the summer cultivation of 17 fields from five different places in Golestan province, plants with signs of disorder and the lack of acute podding were identified and 17 samples were selected from each field and sampling was done from the leaves or stems of the mentioned plants in order to extract RNA and DNA. Then, PCR was performed to detect nepovirus using the degenerate primer of nepovirus and to detect phytoplasma using a pair of general primers and a nested PCR test. The results of electrophoresis confirmed the amplification of the 1800 bp band in the general PCR, the 1250 bp fragment in the nested PCR related to phytoplasma, and also the amplification of the 640 bp band related to a nepovirus. Besides, no band of healthy plants was observed. at the same time, tissue grafting and mechanical inoculation were performed on GPX soybean benchmark plant using the mentioned samples and two types of symptoms appeared. From the sequencing of the disordered samples (production of a small number of seeds and small pods), Tomato ring spot virus strain ep31_63026 and from the sequencing of the samples with non-encapsulation (grassiness and no formation of pods and seeds), Aster yellows phytoplasma from the 16SrI-B group were identified, which confirmed the results of the reference plant. The phylogenetic analysis of sequencing results confirmed the presence of Phytoplasma and Nepovirus only in the summer culture of samples that had symptoms of disorder and lack of podding.

Introduction: Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. ) is the third most important grain legume in the world and the second grain legume in the Mediterranean environment including Iran. Average of chickpea grain yield in Iran is about 500 Kg ha− 1 while in the world this average is 900 Kg ha− 1. These data indicate the importance of research on chickpea. Water deficit stress is one of the most important factors in reducing grain yield of chickpea in the Mediterranean region. In such areas, water shortage almost take place at flowering and post flowering period. Generally, water deficit stress with decreasing plant photosynthesis and consequently reducing the production of photosynthetic products, the process of plant growth and development caused reduction of plants economic grain yield. In chickpea, flowering and podding stages are the most sensitive growth stages to water deficit and water shortages in these stages result in a significant reduction in grain yield. Hence, the present study was conducted to investigate the resistance of commonly chickpea cultivars used under cultivation in Kermanshah region in different water deficit stress conditions from the beginning of flowering and podding until maturity time. Materials & Methods: In order to investigate the effect of post anthesis water deficit on yield and its components in different chickpea cultivars, a split-plot experiment based on complete block design with three replication conducted in research filed and labs of agronomy and plant breeding department of Razi university. The main factor was the moisture regime with three levels included: 1) control, 2) Irrigation cut from flowering till maturity and 3) irrigation cut from podding till maturity. Sub-factor consisted of different chickpea cultivars (Arman, Azad, Bivanij, Hashem and ILC482). Sowing was done manually. Each plot was consisted of six rows with three meters in length and with a spacing of 25 cm and 10 cm seeds space on the row. Harvesting was performed when each cultivar were matured under control and water deficit treatments and different traits was evaluated. These traits consist of: grain yield, biomass, straw yield, harvest index, number of pod per plant, number seed per pod, number of seed per plant, and 100 grain weight. Correlation coefficients between different traits under different water regime were estimated. The obtained data were exposed to analysis of variance (ANOVA). Means comparison was done using Duncan's new multiple range test (DMRT) using MSTAT-C software. Correlation coefficients between traits were estimated with SAS software ver. 8. 0 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Results & Discussion: According to the results, water deficit at both levels, significantly reduced the grain yield, biomass, harvest index, 100 seed weight, number of seeds per plant and pod and number of pods per plant. The highest reduction in grain yield and biomass under water deficit from beginning of flowering till maturity was observed with about 51 and 36 percent, respectively. Under control condition, the highest grain and biological yield in Arman cultivar was 1355 and 3126 Kg ha-1, respectively. In application of water deficit from the beginning of podding until maturity, the highest grain and biological yield in Azad and Bivanij cultivars was 1035 and 2570 Kg ha-1, respectively and under water deficit stress from the beginning of flowering until maturity the highest grain and biological yield in ILC482 cultivar was 715 and 2000 Kg ha-1, respectively. Also, according to the results of correlation analysis, there was a positive and significant correlation between grain yield and biological yield, harvest index, number of pods per plant and number of seeds per plant. Azad, Bivanij and ILC482 cultivars showed better performance at both levels of moisture stress. Regarding the occurrence of moisture stress in the studied area at flowering and podding time in spring planting, spring cultivation of these cultivars is more desirable. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that Azad, Bivanij and ILC482 cultivars were resistant to drought stress and their yield reduction was less than Arman and Hashem cultivars, also it is recommended that the Hashem cultivar dose not cultivate in spring at Kermanshah region. Generally, more resistant to drought varieties were more capable of water management which also improved the process of photosynthesis and helped to maintain better functionality in these conditions.

Introduction: Climatic parameters, especially temperature, have a significant effect on increasing the yield of plants. Rapeseed has suitable agricultural characteristics such as tolerance to cold, drought and salinity stresses and it is recommended to grow it in most parts of the country due to its higher yield of oil per unit area than other oil seeds. Rapeseed is one of the plants whose performance depends on the right planting date so one of the important issues is determining the appropriate planting date for the important cultivars cultivated in each region. This experiment was conducted in order to investigation and comparison of the yield of rapeseed cultivars in different planting dates. This area has frost stress during winter and heat stress at the end of the season. These stresses affect the length of the phenological stages of development and yield components. The present study also examines the effect of planting date on these variables and by providing regression models, provides a suitable estimate of their effect on seed yield.Materials and Methods: The experiment was carried out in split plot design in the form of randomized complete block in three replications during two crop years 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 at the central station affiliated to the Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of Yazd province. The main factor of planting date was placed in the main plots in three levels: the 7th of October, the 22th of October and the 6th of November and rapeseed cultivars were planted in sub-plots in eight levels including Hayola4815, Zarfam, Nafis, Nepton, Nima, SLM046, Nilofar and RGS003. To determine the yield components including the number of lateral branches, the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per pod and 1000 seed weight, 10 plants were randomly selected from each experimental unit and the desired traits were counted and measured. The phenological stages of development were performed based on the scale of Zavareh and Imam (2000). SAS software was used to analyze the variance and determine the regression coefficients of the equations. Mean comparisons were also done based on LSD test and 5% probability level.Results and Discussion: Based on the obtained results, the effect of planting date had a significant effect on the phenological stages and caused a decrease in the number of days until flowering, podding and ripening. The earliest maturity cultivars in this experiment were Hyola4815 and RGS-003. The effect of planting date on grain yield was significant and the highest yield was obtained with 5066.46 kg / ha on 7th October and the sowing dates of the 22th of October and the 6th of November were 11.34 and 26.66% lower than the sowing date of 7th October, respectively. Among the investigated cultivars, Heyola on the planting date of 7th Oct., Neptune on the planting date on 22th Oct., and Neptune & Nafis on the planting date of 6th Nov., had higher yields than the others and recommended for cultivation in the region.Conclusion: The dependence of seed yield in rapeseed on the appropriate planting date is confirmed by many researchers and it varies on different weather conditions. In hot and dry areas such as Yazd, late planting causes stress at the end of the season, and early planting also causes frost during the winter season, so it is very important to choose the appropriate planting date and early maturity varieties in such areas. According to the regression models, the change in the phenological growth stages coordinated by change in the yield components cause increase the seed yield by 500 to 750 kg/hectare, which can be done by changing the planting date and agricultural operations.