INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COASTS, PORTS AND MARINE STRUCTURES (ICOPMAS) PORTS & MARITIME ORGANIZATION | Year:1998 | دوره:3 |Papers Count:31

COASTAL STRUCTURES IN MIDDLE EAST ARE UNDER THE IMPACT OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURES, SHOCK UPLOADING, DOWNFALLS FROM EROSION AND VARIOUS CYCLES OF FINAL TEMPERATURE RAGE CHANGES. CONSEQUENTLY, THESE STRUCTURES ARE BUILT FROM STRONG CONCRETE AND REINFORCED OR PRE-STRESSED STEELS. THUS, MAINTAINING RESISTANCE OF THE STEEL WITHIN THE CONCRETE IS HIGHLY SIGNIFICANT. THE PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE IN MARITIME CONDITIONS AND MECHANICAL PROCESSES OF CONCRETE DESTRUCTION INDICATE THE FACT THAT CONCRETE PERMEABILITY IS THE CRUCIAL FACTOR IN DETERMINING ITS DURABILITY. THE FACT SHOULD ALSO BE CONSIDERED THAT EXCESSIVE COVERAGE INCREASES THE WIDTH OF THE CRACKS ON THE CONCRETE COVER SHOULD BE CONSIDERED, WHILE NOT ENOUGH COVERAGE CAUSES THE EASE OF PENETRATION OF SALTY AND CORRODING WATER IN THE CONSTRUCTION. IN THIS ARTICLE, THE ESSENTIALS OF MAKING A DURABLE CONCRETE IN MARITIME ENVIRONMENTS ARE DESCRIBED AND THE NECESSARY RECOMMENDATIONS ABOUT THE CONSTRUCTING MATERIALS, THE IMPLEMENTATION METHODS AND PREVENTING THE FUTURE CRACKS FROM HAPPENING ARE PROPOSED. ALSO, IN ADDITION TO THE ESTABLISHED PROVISIONS, SINCE IN CRITICAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS, MORE CONSERVATION AGAINST EROSION IS NEEDED IN ORDER TO LOWER THE CONCRETE PERMEABILITY, THE ARMATURE CONSERVATION METHODS SUCH AS CATHODIC PRESERVATION, IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CHEMICAL PREVENTERS, USING ORGANIC AND NON-ORGANIC COVERS AND IMPLEMENTING ANTI-EROSION ALLOYS FOR THE ARMATURES ARE DISCUSSED ARE DISCUSSED AND THE RESULTS ARE PRESENTED.

UNDERWATER WELDING CAN BE DONE IN TWO WAYS OF DRY OR WET WELDING. THE WET WELDING TECHNIQUE DOES NOT HAVE ENOUGH PRECISION IN CRITICAL CASES AND NEEDS DIVERS WHO ARE ALSO SKILLED WELDERS. ANOTHER WAY OF CONDUCTING THE WELDING OPERATION IS USING THE DRY WELDING CHAMBERS. IN THIS METHOD, DESIGNED AT THE UNDERWATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH CENTER OF ISFAHAN INDUSTRIAL UNIVERSITY, THE CHAMBER IS PERCHED UPON THE DAMAGED PLACE AND AFTER DRAINING THE WATER OUT OF THE CHAMBER, THE WELDING OPERATION IS PERFORMED IN A DRY AND PRESSURIZED ENVIRONMENT. THE AIM OF THIS MODEL IS WELDING AND REPAIRING THE FRESHWATER CARRYING POLYETHYLENE PIPES, AND THIS IS THE FIRST TIME THAT SUCH A MODEL IS BEING PROPOSED IN IRAN. THE GATHERED INFORMATION, THE SOURCES AND THE RESULTS OF THIS MODEL CAN BE A BEGINNING FOR OTHER SIMILAR MODELS IN OIL, MARITIME AND OTHER IMPORTANT INDUSTRIES. THE RESULTS OF THIS MODEL LOCALIZE THE EXPERIENCE NEEDED FOR MAKING THE NECESSARY DEVICES FOR DEEP WATER REPARATION OPERATIONS AND ALSO ITS RELATED TECHNOLOGY AND IT CAN PROPOSE THIS TECHNOLOGY AND ITS SERVICES TO THE OIL PRODUCING COUNTRIES. FURTHERMORE, IT CAN VASTLY DEVELOP THE SOUTHERN ISLANDS OF OUR COUNTRY.

THE WATER IN OPEN SEAS IS USUALLY SALTIER THAN THE WATER OF THE RIVERS, WHICH GOES UP TO 40,000 PPM IN THE PERSIAN GULF. THE SALTY WATER PERMEATION FROM THE SEAS TO THE RIVERS OCCURS AT THE AREA WHICH THE RIVER REACHES THE SEA. NATURALLY, IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO USE THE WATER OF THIS AREA FOR AGRICULTURAL, INDUSTRIAL AND HEALTH PURPOSES. THE SALTINESS PERMEATION DEPENDS ON THE HYDRAULIC CONDITIONS OF THE RIVER, THE WATER QUALITY OF THE RIVER AND THE SEA AND ALSO ON THE LEVEL OF THE SEA WATER. WHEN A RIVER IS DREDGED, ITS HYDRAULIC CONDITIONS CHANGE, WHICH FURTHER AFFECT THE SALINITY OF THE RIVER. IN THIS RESEARCH, THE SALINITY PERMEATION OF THE PERSIAN GULF INTO BAHMANSHIR RIVER AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF DREDGING PROJECT IS STUDIED. A ONE DIMENSIONAL MATHEMATICAL MODEL IS USED IN THE SIMULATION OF THE FLOW AND THE QUALITY OF THE BAHMANSHIR RIVER'S WATER. THIS SIMULATION WAS DONE IN TEN DIFFERENT DREDGING STAGES AND EACH WAS DONE IN TWO LEVELS. FINALLY, THE SALINITY PERMEATION IN DIFFERENT TIME CHOICES OF THE DREDGING OPERATION WERE COMPARED TO EACH OTHER AND THE BEST CHOICE WAS SELECTED IN ORDER TO DECREASE THE SALINITY PERMEATION OF BAHMANSHIR RIVER.

AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN TERMINAL DESIGNING IS TO CREATE A BALANCE BETWEEN THE INTERNAL RELATIONAL CAPABILITIES OF DIFFERENT COASTAL PARTS, THE CARGO TRANSPORTATION PROCEDURE FROM THE SHIP TO THE BERTH, THE RETENTION YARD, THE EXIT GATE AND FINALLY TO THE DOMESTIC TRANSPORTATION NETWORK. HOWEVER, DIFFERENT FACTORS SUCH AS DISCREPANCY BETWEEN LAND AND MARITIME TRANSPORTATION CAPABILITY, THE NEED OF CARGO STORAGE AND THE CENTRALIZATION OF COMMERCIAL PORTS, NECESSITATES THE NEED OF DESIGNING OF SOME AREAS AT BERTHS IN ORDER TO MAINTAIN THE CARGO. IN ORDER TO INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF THIS AREA AND TO DECREASE THE TRANSPORTATION TIME AND TO ACHIEVE AN OPTIMUM UTILIZATION, IT IS RECOMMENDED TO MODULARLY DESIGN THE BERTH TERMINALS AND THE CARGO MAINTENANCE AREAS. IN THIS ARTICLE, BY CONSIDERING THE CHARACTERISTICS OF IRANIAN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM AND ITS CURRENT NEEDS, THE MODULAR DESIGN SYSTEM, ITS NECESSITY, ITS CRITERIA'S AND PRINCIPLES, ITS VARIETIES AND ITS CONSISTING PARTS ARE SURVEYED AND AT THE END, A CASE SAMPLE WHICH WAS AT IMAM KHOMEINI PORT IS PROPOSED.

THE MARITIME STEEL STRUCTURES NEED TO SURVIVE IN WATER, TIDAL, WATER SPRAY AND ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS THAT ARE HIGHLY EROSIVE. THUS, DIFFERENT EROSION CONTROLLING STRATEGIES MUST BE USED FOR THE STEEL STRUCTURES THAT ARE INSTALLED AND ERECTED IN THE MENTIONED ENVIRONMENTS. COATINGS AND CATHODE PRESERVATION ARE TWO ENGINEERING STRATEGIES WHICH ARE IMPLEMENTED IN ORDER TO DECREASE OR STOP THE EROSION IN THE MARITIME STEEL STRUCTURES. THE CATHODE PROTECTION SYSTEM STOPS THE EROSION OF THE MENTIONED STRUCTURES BY APPLYING AN ELECTRICAL CURRENT FROM OUTSIDE SOURCES AND USING THE COATINGS AS AN OBSTACLE AGAINST THE EROSIVE CURRENTS GENERATED BY ANODES AND CATHODES OR GALVANIC PAIRS. IN THIS ARTICLE, THE STRATEGIES FOR ESTABLISHING AN EFFECTIVE AND ECONOMIC SYSTEM IN ORDER TO CONTROL THE EROSION OF THE STEEL MARITIME STRUCTURES ARE PRESENTED. MOREOVER, TWO EFFECTIVE METHODS ARE BEING STUDIED IN ORDER TO PROTECT THE STEEL STRUCTURE PARTS WHICH ARE UNDER THE WATER, WITH THE AIM OF DECREASING THE USED ANODE AND CONSEQUENTLY DECREASING THE COSTS OF ESTABLISHING A CATHODE PRESERVING SYSTEM.

IN THIS ARTICLE, THE STAGES OF SELECTING EACH MIXING COMPONENTS OF CONSTRUCTING A RUBBER FENDER AND THE CHARACTERISTICS OF EACH OF THESE COMPONENTS IN THE MIXING PROCEDURE IS EXPRESSED, AND THESE CHARACTERISTICS AND THE PERFORMANCE OF THE RUBBER FENDER IS CONSIDERED IN THE COMPONENT SELECTION. AFTER THESE MIXING COMPONENTS ARE SELECTED, THE CONDITIONS AND THE FUNCTION OF THE RUBBER FENDER IS IMPLEMENTED WHICH BY PERFORMING THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC TESTS ON THE CONSTRUCTED FENDER AND PERFORMING THE FENDER PRESS TEST (INDICATING THE ENERGY ABSORPTION LEVEL OF THE FENDER) THE FAVORABLE CHARACTERISTICS OF A FENDER IS VERIFIED AND THE FENDER'S PERFORMANCE QUALITY IS CHECKED. THIS IS THE FIRST TIME IT IS BEING DONE IN IRAN.

TODAY, VARIOUS STRUCTURES ARE BUILT IN THE WATER IN ORDER TO EXPLOIT MARITIME RESOURCES. THESE STRUCTURES ARE DYNAMICALLY FACED WITH DIFFERENT FORCES COMING FROM THE SEA WAVES, AGAINST WHICH THEY MUST RESIST AND REMAIN STABLE. THE MARITIME STRUCTURES THAT USE SPANS ARE WELL-FOUND AT THE COASTS. THERE ARE THREE DIFFERENT WAVES WHICH CAN HIT THESE SPANS: THE UNBROKEN (ORDINARY) WAVES, THE BREAKING AND THE BROKEN WAVES. EACH OF THESE WAVES EXERTS A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF FORCE TO THE BODY OF THE SPANS. THIS HAS BEEN INVESTIGATED BY MANY RESEARCHERS SO FAR. AMONG THE THREE WAVE KINDS MENTIONED ABOVE, THE BREAKING WAVE EXERTS THE HIGHEST AND THE MOST CRITICAL FORCE TO THE BODY OF THE SPANS. IN THIS STUDY, THE DIFFERENT FORCES THAT COMPOUND INTO THE BREAKING WAVES ARE ANALYZED ON A ROW OF SPANS WITH A QUADRANGULAR BASIS AND DIFFERENT DISTANCES SEPARATING THEM, AND FINALLY IN TERMS OF THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE SPANS, THE FORCES THAT ARE IMPOSED ON EACH SPAN WERE CALCULATED AND WERE BROUGHT INTO COMPARISON TO THE RESULTS OF OTHER SIMILAR STUDIES THAT HAVE BEEN CONDUCTED IN THIS FIELD.

THE SEA HAS BEEN THE FIELD OF ACTIVITY OF HUMAN KIND FOR SO LONG AND TODAY BY DEVELOPING THE USE OF OIL AND WATER RESOURCES AND STRUCTURES, MARITIME TECHNOLOGY HAS GAINED A SIGNIFICANT IMPORTANCE. MODERN METHODS OF REPAIRING AND PROTECTING MARITIME STRUCTURES BY OVERCOMING THE BOUNDARIES OF HUMAN UNDERWATER OPERATION, HAS OPENED THE WAY OF HUMAN EFFECTIVE USAGE OF THESE STRUCTURES. ONE OF THEADVANCED AND EFFICIENT DEVICES USED IN UNDERWATER INSPECTION AND REPAIRS IS THE REMOTELY OPERATED VEHICLE (ROV) CURRENTLY USED AS AN ADVANCED AND EFFICIENT DEVICE IN PERFORMING SUCH OPERATIONS. THESE ROBOTS USE VIDEO AND PHOTO CAMERAS, MECHANICAL ARMS AND OTHER PRECISE EQUIPMENT TO PROVIDE US WITH THE ABILITY OF MECHANICAL AND INSPECTIONAL CHECKS FOR EROSION AND UNDERWATER MONITORING OF THE OPERATION. SOME OF THE APPLICATIONS OF THESE ROBOTS ARE INSPECTION OF PIPELINES, BERTHS AND OTHER STRUCTURES, INSPECTION OF BACK OF DAMS AND WATER TUNNELS, MARITIME MINERAL DETECTION, INVESTIGATION AT THE BOTTOM OF THE SEA, GUIDING THE UNDERWATER OPERATION AND MANY OTHER APPLICATIONS. IN THIS ARTICLE, WHILE INTRODUCING THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF ROVS AND DESCRIBING THEIR SYSTEMS AND CAPABILITIES, THE APPLICATION OF THIS DEVICE IN INSPECTING AND REPAIRING OR PRESERVING THE UNDERWATER STRUCTURES IS EXPLAINED. MOREOVER, IN THIS ARTICLE, THE PROJECT OF DESIGNING AND GENERATING OF KANESH UNDERWATER ROBOT, DESIGNED AND GENERATED BY THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF UNDERWATER RESEARCH CENTER IS INTRODUCED.

IN THIS RESEARCH, THE LEVELS OF HEAVY METAL ELEMENTS SUCH AS COPPER, COBALT AND IRON IN COASTAL WATERS OF AMIRABAD REGION WERE CALCULATED. THE AMIRABAD REGION IS LOCATED AT THE SOUTHEAST OF THE CASPIAN SEA, WHERE A MULTIPURPOSE FISHINGCOMMERCIAL PORT HAS BEEN CONSTRUCTED IN THIS AREA. THE SAMPLINGS WERE DONE IN FOUR SEASONS OF THE YEAR (FROM FALL, 1997 TO FALL, 1998) AND IN TEN DIFFERENT STATIONS AROUND THE GROINS, INSIDE THE MAIN BASIN OF THE BERTH. THE SAMPLES ANALYSIS WAS DONE BY THE USE OF THE ATOM ABSORPTION DEVICE AND ALL OF THE SAMPLES PROGRESS STAGES WERE OBTAINED FROM THE BOOK OF STANDARD METHODS (1989). AMONG THE MENTIONED ELEMENTS, IRON HAD THE HIGHEST AND COBALT HAD THE LOWEST PERCENTAGE. ACCORDING TO THESE RESULTS, THE SEASONAL CHANGES AND ALSO THE DISTANCE TO THE COAST AND THE LOCATION OF THE STATIONS CAN AFFECT THE AMOUNT OF THE ELEMENTS CALCULATED IN AMIRABAD REGION. THE OBTAINED RESULTS CAN BE USED AT THE BACKGROUND VALUE OF FURTHER RESEARCHES.

GROINS ARE STRUCTURES BUILT TO CONTROL SEDIMENT TRANSFER RATE, PROTECT COASTS FROM EROSION AND PREVENT WAVES AND SEDIMENTS FROM ENTERING RIVER ESTUARIES AND CHANNELS LEADING TO THE SEA. CONSIDERING HYDRAULIC AND HYDRODYNAMIC BORDER CONDITIONS, AVAILABLE MATERIALS AND THEIR APPLICABILITY, GROINS ARE CONSTRUCTED LONG OR SHORT, HIGH OR LOW AND PERMEABLE OR IMPERMEABLE. BECAUSE OF THE COMPLEXITY OF PROCESSES OF COAST INTERACTING WITH GROINS, SUITABLE TYPE AND DESIGN SELECTION OF GROINS IS HIGHLY SIGNIFICANT, SINCE CORRECT SELECTION AND DESIGN CAN PROTECT AND RESTORE THE COAST, OTHERWISE UNFAVORABLE CHANGES IN THE NATURAL REGIME OF THE COASTAL SEDIMENT TRANSFER, EXISTING ISSUES MIGHT WORSEN OR CAUSE NEW PROBLEMS, SUCH AS DOWNSTREAM COAST SEDIMENTATION AND ECOSYSTEM IMBALANCE. THIS ARTICLE FOCUSES ON PROTECTING THE COASTS, STUDYING THE PERFORMANCE AND APPLICATION GOALS OF GROINS AND INTRODUCES THEM, IN TERMS OF RIGHT SELECTION OF TYPE, LENGTH, DISTANCE, HEIGHT, ANGLE WITH THE COAST, SHAPE OF THE CAPE, MATERIALS AND OTHER DESIGN PARAMETERS AS SURVEYED IN MANY RESEARCHES. AFTER THAT, SOME APPLIED CASES OF GROINS IN IRAN ARE INTRODUCED, STUDIED AND ANALYZED FOR THEIR PERFORMANCE, WHILE THE RESULTS OF THEIR APPLICATION, DESIGN TERMS ACCURACY, APPLICATION QUALITY AND THEIR USAGE ARE EVALUATED.

IN ORDER TO CONSTRUCT MOST COAST CONSERVING STRUCTURES, A VAST AMOUNT OF STONES ARE USED, THE IMPACT OF SEA ENVIRONMENT ON WHICH DIFFERS FROM THAT OF OTHER ENVIRONMENTS. THESE MATERIALS SHOULD BE CLASSIFIED BY THEIR PARTICULAR SIZE, SHAPE AND GRADING, DETERMINED BY THE MARITIME STRUCTURE DESIGNERS. OTHER FEATURES OF STONE, SUCH AS ITS DENSITY, ARE ALSO NECESSARY IN MODELING EQUATIONS. MOREOVER, THE AGGRESSIVE CONDITIONS OF THE SEA AREAS SIGNIFY THE IMPORTANCE OF THE DURABILITY AND STRENGTH OF THE IMPLEMENTED STONE. AMONG THE MENTIONED FEATURES, THE STRENGTH AND THE DURABILITY OF THE STONES AGAINST THE AGGRESSIVE AGENTS EXISTING IN MARITIME ENVIRONMENTS ARE THE MOST SIGNIFICANT FEATURE THAT THE MATERIALS USED FOR CONSTRUCTING THE MARITIME STRUCTURES, ESPECIALLY THE BREAKWATERS SHOULD POSSESS. DURABILITY IS THE STONE POTENCY IN PRESERVING THE STONE'S PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL FEATURES WHILE IT IS BEING USED IN AN ENGINEERING STRUCTURE. THUS, THIS FEATURE DEPENDS ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STONE AND ITS ENVIRONMENT OR THE CONDITIONS IT IS BEING USED. THE NECESSITY OF LEARNING THE BEHAVIOR OF STONE MATERIALS AND THEIR DURABILITY WHILE THEY ARE BEING USED IN A MARITIME STRUCTURE AROUND THE WORLD HAS BEEN GENERALLY INDICATED AFTER THESE STRUCTURES HAS SHOWN DAMAGE. MANY INVESTIGATIONS AND STUDIES ARE CONDUCTED ABOUT THE DEGRADATION AND THE DURABILITY OF STONES IN SEA ENVIRONMENTS, EACH OF WHICH WAS AN IMPORTANT STEP IN IMPLEMENTING THE FAVORABLE AND QUALITATIVE MATERIAL AND ALSO IN PREVENTING THE DESTRUCTION OF THE STRUCTURES AND CAUSING FINANCIAL DAMAGE.

THE CASPIAN SEA, THE LARGEST LAKE ON EARTH, IS LOCATED IN THE NORTH OF IRAN, AND ITS WATER LEVEL CHANGES HAVE SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTED THE ECONOMY OF THAT COUNTRY AND OTHERS ON ITS COASTS. FOR THIS REASON, INVESTIGATING THE CAUSES OF THESE CHANGES AND THE ABILITY TO PREDICT THEM IS NOW AT THE CENTER OF THE ATTENTION OF MANY LOCAL AND INTERNATIONAL RESEARCHERS. STUDIES INDICATE THAT CLIMATE CHANGES ARE THE MOST EFFECTIVE FACTOR FOR THESE CHANGES. IN THIS RESEARCH, THE PROCESS OF WATER LEVEL CHANGES BETWEEN THE YEARS OF 1951-1985, AND THEIR CORRELATION WITH OTHER CLIMATIC AND HYDROLOGIC FACTORS WAS STUDIED. IT WAS INDICATED THAT THE CHANGES AND THE INFLOW INTO THE LAKE IS NEITHER STATICALLY SIGNIFICANT NOR THE EXTRACTED CORRELATIONS HAVE TIME RELIABILITY. HOWEVER, IT WAS ALSO SHOWN THAT IN COMPARISON WITH SURFACE RUNOFFS, SURFACE EVAPORATIONS HAVE JUSTIFIED MOST OF THE WATER LEVEL CHANGES AND HAVE A FINE RELIABILITY. IT WAS INDICATED THAT IN THE YEARS WHEN THE WATER SURFACE TEMPERATURE (IN WINTER) WERE UNUSUALLY WARM OR COLD, 40 TO 60 PERCENT OF THE WATER LEVEL CHANGE WAS JUSTIFIED BY THE INPUT DISCHARGE. MOREOVER, IN TIMES WHEN THE WATER SURFACE TEMPERATURE IN WINTER WERE UNUSUALLY WARM, THE WATER LEVEL CHANGE HAS SHOWN A GOOD CORRELATION WITH EVAPORATION. IN EACH STEP, THE PHYSICAL REASONS JUSTIFYING THE CORRELATIONS ARE PRESENTED.

MARITIME PLATFORMS PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN EXPLOITING OIL AND GAS RESERVES LYING BENEATH THE SEA AND THE OIL INDUSTRIES OF IRAN. THESE STRUCTURES, WHICH ARE USUALLY CONSTRUCTED WITH BRACED STEEL FRAMES, MUST BE PERSISTENT AGAINST ROUND-SIDED CHARGES CAUSED BY SEVERE EARTHQUAKES. THE REACTION OF THESE STRUCTURES MAINLY DEPEND ON THE NON-LINEAR BEHAVIOR OCCURRED AFTER THE IMPLEMENTED BRACES ARE BUCKLED. IN THIS ARTICLE, DIFFERENT STRATEGIES OF DIGITAL ANALYSIS OF MARITIME STRUCTURES WITH BRACED STEEL FRAMES ARE INVESTIGATED. THESE STRATEGIES ARE DIVIDED INTO THREE GENERAL CATEGORIES OF: 1) NUMERICAL STRATEGY OF LIMITED LINEAR PARTS, 2) ANALYSIS STRATEGY BASED ON THE PLASTIC THEORY (PLASTICITY) AND THE PHYSICAL BEHAVIOR OF BRACED PARTS, AND 3) EXPERIMENTAL STRATEGY OF FITTING THE RESIDUE CURVE OF THE BRACING PART. WHILE STUDYING EACH OF THESE STRATEGIES, THE IMPLEMENTED MODELS ARE SURVEYED BY USING THE LINEAR ANALYSIS OF THE STRUCTURES AND THE THEORETICAL FOUNDATION, THE CORRELATION OF THE ANALYSIS RESULTS, THEIR APPLICABILITY AND EXPERIMENTALITY IS DISCUSSED.

ALUMINUM AND ITS ALLOYS ARE INCREASINGLY USED IN ALL INDUSTRIAL FIELDS BECAUSE OF THEIR RARE FEATURES OF FRUGALITY IN WEIGHT AND COST. MARITIME INDUSTRIES AND ESPECIALLY THE MARITIME PLATFORMS ARE ALSO AMONG THESE INDUSTRIES. ALUMINUM IS NOT AN INFERIOR MATERIAL AND IN COMPARISON WITH OTHER MATERIALS, IT HAS PARTICULAR AND IN MOST CASES BETTER FEATURES, WHICH BY ONLY USING THE MEASURED METHODS, CAN BE FULLY AND EFFECTIVELY IMPLEMENTED. THE USE OF ALUMINUM IN STRUCTURES NEARLY INCREASES THEIR LIFESPAN INFINITELY AND GIVES THEM MANY INDUSTRIAL SHAPES AND ADVANTAGES. IN THIS RESEARCH, THE SUITABLE ALUMINUM ALLOYS ARE INTRODUCED IN ORDER TO BE IMPLEMENTED IN MARITIME AND BERTH'S TECHNOLOGY AND FINALLY THE 6063, 6061, 5083 ALLOYS OF ALUMINUM ARE INTRODUCED AS THE BEST ONES. FURTHERMORE, THE MOST ADEQUATE APPLICATION OF EACH OF THESE ALLOYS IS DISCUSSED ALONG THE BEST SHAPING AND CONSTRUCTION METHOD OF THE PIECES PRODUCED WITH THESE ALLOYS. AT THE END, THE EROSION OF THE ALUMINUM ALLOYS IN SEAWATER IS CONSIDERED AND REPORTED.

DURABILITY AND RELIABILITY OF CONCRETE AGAINST AGGRESSIVE AGENTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT AROUND THE CONCRETE, WHICH MIGHT EXIST IN THE NEARBY SOIL OR CLIMATE IS A CRUCIAL FACTOR. GENERALLY, THESE AGENTS ARE MADE OF DISSOLVED SULFATES, ESPECIALLY SODIUM, POTASSIUM, CALCIUM, MANGANESE, CHLOROTHYLS AND ALKALINE SULFATES THAT EXIST NATURALLY IN SOIL AND WATER. THE PRESENCE OF SOME OF THESE AGENTS IN SEAWATER DECREASES THE LIFE OF MARITIME STRUCTURES. SUCCESSFUL PLACEMENT OF POZOLANS INSIDE PORTLAND CEMENT FOR LOWERING THE WEAKNESS CAUSED BY SULFATE AGGRESSION IN THIS TYPE OF CEMENT HAS BEEN TARGETED BY VAST INVESTIGATION IN THIS FIELD. IN THIS RESEARCH, THE DURABILITY OF CONCRETE CONTAINING WHITE TISSUE GORGED POZOLANS IN DESTRUCTIVE ENVIRONMENT OF SODIUM SULFATE IS INVESTIGATED. IN ORDER TO SURVEY THE DURABILITY, 336 SAMPLES OF MATERIALS CONTAINING DIFFERENT PORTIONS OF POZOLANS HAVE BEEN POURED INTO STEEL MOLDS. THE DIMENSIONS OF THE MOLDS WERE 5´5´5 CENTIMETERS IN 3-FOLD MIXTURES. THE SAMPLES WERE KEPT IN THE TEMPERATURE OF 18 TO 22 CENTIGRADE DEGREES AND THE AVERAGE HUMIDITY OF 80 PERCENT, AND AFTER THAT HALF OF THE SAMPLES WERE KEPT IN NORMAL WATER AND THE OTHER HALF WERE KEPT IN A 5 PERCENT SODIUM SULFATE LOTION IN A TEMPERATURE BETWEEN 19 TO 21 CENTIGRADE DEGREES. THE SAMPLES PRESSURE STRENGTH TESTS WERE DONE WHEN THE SAMPLES WERE 7, 28, 90 AND 180 DAYS OLD. THE RESULTS OF THIS RESEARCH INDICATE THE DURABILITY IMPROVEMENT OF THE CONCRETE CONTAINING WHITE TISSUE GORGED POZOLAN IN THE SODIUM SULFATES DESTRUCTIVE ENVIRONMENT.

IN THE LAST TWO DECADES, THE IMPLICATION OF THE ECCENTRICITY TECHNOLOGY HAS INCREASINGLY SPREAD THROUGHOUT DIFFERENT FIELDS OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING. IN GENERAL, THE PURPOSE OF PERFORMING EXPERIMENTS ON PHYSICAL MODELS IN THE FIELD OF ENGINEERING IS PREDICTING THE BEHAVIOR OF THE PROTOTYPE, INVESTIGATING THE VALIDITY OF A THEORY OR TO USE IT AS A METHOD OF ANALYZING AND EVALUATING THE FEATURES OF MATERIAL ENGINEERING, FINDING NEW ENGINEERING MECHANISMS AND ALSO TO USE IT FOR INSTRUCTIONAL PURPOSES. IN THE FIELD OF GEO-TECHNIQUE ENGINEERING, USUALLY, THE SHOCKS CAUSED BY THE SOILS BODY FORCES CONTAINS A SIGNIFICANT PART OF ALL SHOCKS AND ALSO THE MECHANICAL FEATURES OF THE SOIL HIGHLY DEPENDS ON THESE SHOCKS. THE NATURE OF MANY GEO-TECHNIQUE CASES IN SHORE AND OFF-SHORE AREAS, AND THE COMPLICATION OF LOADINGS AND THE STRUCTURAL INTERACTIONS INDICATE THE IMPORTANCE OF EXPERIMENTAL METHODS AND PHYSICAL MODELING, ESPECIALLY THE ECCENTRICITY EXPERIMENTS. IN THIS ARTICLE, WHILE BRIEFLY SURVEYING THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PERFORMING THE ECCENTRICITY EXPERIMENTS AND THE EQUATIONS OF THE NECESSARY SCALES, THE MOST SIGNIFICANT PUBLISHED FINDINGS IN DIFFERENT FIELDS OF MARITIME GEO-TECHNIQUE INVESTIGATED BY USING THIS TECHNOLOGY ARE PROPOSED. FINALLY, THE ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED IN THE FIELD OF ESTABLISHING AN ECCENTRICITY LABORATORY AT THE SEISMOLOGY AND SEISM ENGINEERING INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTION ARE POINTED OUT.

THE RIVER OF BAHMANSHIR, WHICH FLOWS ALONG WITH THE RIVER OF ARVAND IS THE MOST IMPORTANT WATER SUPPLY OF THE AGRICULTURAL FRESHWATER OF KHORRAMSHAHR AND ABADAN AREA. THIS RIVER FLOWS FROM THE EFFECTIVE UPSTREAM OF KARUN TO THE EFFECTIVE TIDAL DOWNSTREAM OF THE PERSIAN GULF. THE OVERFLOWS AND FLOODS HAVE ALWAYS BEEN COUNTED AS A THREAT TO THE AGRICULTURE AND THE ECOSYSTEM OF THIS REGION, AS WELL AS THE WINTER AND SPRING FLOODS AND THEIR PASSAGE THROUGH THE DIGGER CHANNELS AND THROUGH THE RIVERS OF ARVAND AND BAHMANSHIR COUNT AS THE ISSUES OF THIS REGION. ACCORDING TO THE PREVIOUS STUDIES, IN ORDER TO CONTROL THE SALINITY IN THIS RIVER, TWO DAMS ARE CONSIDERED TO BE BUILT UP AND DOWN THIS RIVER, WHICH ARE LOCATED AT 1 AND 58 KILOMETER DISTANCE OF THE TRIFURCATION. THE FIELD CALCULATIONS IN TIDAL AND CURRENT CONDITIONS WERE DONE AT DIFFERENT TIME PERIODS ON THIS RIVER, WHOSE RESULTS PARTIALLY CONTRADICT WITH THE INITIAL PREDICTIONS. IN THIS ARTICLE, WHILE STUDYING THE EXISTING FACTS AND THE ISSUES OF THE FLOODS OF THIS AREA AND CONTROLLING THIS RIVER'S SALINITY, IT IS INDICATED THAT IN ORDER TO TRANSIT THE FLOODWATER AND DECREASING THE EXPENSES OF DAM CONSTRUCTION, THERE SHOULD BE RECONSIDERATION ABOUT THE SALINITY CONTROL STRUCTURES.

THE EXISTING CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING AND ESTIMATING THE QUALITY OF STONES USED IN MARITIME STRUCTURES SUCH AS GROINS ARE BASICALLY DIFFERENT AND DIVERSE. ON THE ONE HAND, THE EXISTING HETEROGENEITY IN GLOBAL STANDARDS AND LACK OF A STANDARD IN IRAN, AND ON THE OTHER, ABSENCE OF SUITABLE MATERIALS WITH ADEQUATE VOLUME AND SUITABLE DISTANCE FROM THE COASTS OF THE COUNTRY OFTEN CHALLENGE COASTAL PROJECTS WITH THE ISSUE OF EFFICIENT STONE MINE SELECTION. THE EFFECTIVE FACTORS IN SUITABLE SELECTION OF STONES CAN BE DIVIDED INTO TWO GROUPS OF THE QUALITY AND THE ECONOMIC PARAMETERS. THIS ARTICLE FOCUSES ON COLLECTING AND COMPARING THE EXISTING CRITERIA IN DIFFERENT POPULAR STANDARDS OF SUITABLE STONE SELECTION, AND DESCRIBING CONTRADICTORY AND DEFICIENT CASES. IN THIS REGARD, FIRST THE STRATIGRAPHY STATUS AND STONE UNITS ENGINEERING AT DIFFERENT AREAS OF SOUTHERN IRAN ARE SURVEYED AND THE AVAILABLE STONES WERE CATEGORIZED. IN THE END, BY COLLECTING THE AVAILABLE PROJECTS INFORMATION, THE APPARENT DENSITY CHANGES, THE WATER ABSORPTION PERCENTAGE, EROSION, THE IMPACT VALUE AND THE STONE HEALTH IN SULFATE IN DIFFERENT STONE GROUPS AND THEIR ACCOMMODATION WITH THE STANDARDS AND THE CRITERIA'S WERE SURVEYED.

IN THIS DECADE, THE USE OF JACK-UP PLATFORMS FOR GEOTECHNICAL EXCAVATIONS FLOURISHED IN IRAN. THE AUTHORS OF THIS ARTICLE HAVE TRIED TO EXPLAIN THEIR EXPERIENCES IN THE EXCAVATION OF DIFFERENT AREAS OF BAHMANSHIR AND ARVAND RUD RIVERS, THE COASTAL WATERS OF THE PERSIAN GULF AND GULF OF OMAN AND SOME OF THE IRANIAN ISLANDS BY USING THREE JACK-UP PLATFORMS. THESE EXPERIENCES ARE RELATED TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THREE JACK-UP PLATFORMS FOR EXCAVATION AND THE GEOTECHNICAL OPERATION IN VARIOUS PARTS OF THE SEABED AND DIFFERENT HYDRAULIC CONDITIONS SUCH AS DEPTH, CURRENT AND WAVE. THIS ARTICLE, AFTER A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE IMPLEMENTED PLATFORMS, EXPLAINS THESE TOPICS: 1) EXPERIENCE OF USING DIFFERENT HOT SHOES FOR THE PILLARS IN DIFFERENT SEA BED CONDITIONS, 2) HOW TO FACE THE POLE BUCKLING OF THE CONE PERMEATION TEST IN THE DISTANCE BETWEEN JACK-UP PLATFORM'S DECK AND THE SEABED, AND ALSO LEVELING OF THE CONE TEST AND THE EXCAVATION SYSTEMS, 3) CARRYING, ANCHORING, PLATFORM ELEVATION AND IMPLANTING THE PILLARS IN SEABED AND STABILIZING THE VERTICAL SHAPE CHANGES IN SANDY AND GRAINY BEDS, AND 4) PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT ELEVATOR SYSTEMS (HYDRAULIC AND HAND HOIST) ACCORDING TO THE EXPERIENCES. THESE EXPERIENCES ARE COMPARED TO THE STRATEGIES RECOMMENDED IN DIFFERENT SOURCES RELATED TO THE USE OF THE JACK-UP PLATFORMS, AND FINALLY, THE RESULTS OF THE PERFORMED EXPERIMENTS ARE DESCRIBED.

CONCRETE STRUCTURES IN THE SOUTHERN COASTS OF IRAN ARE VASTLY DESTROYED AND IRREPARABLY DAMAGED BECAUSE OF HUMIDITY, TEMPERATURE AND AGGRESSIVE IONS. IN RECENT YEARS, MANY COSTLY REPAIRING OPERATIONS WERE DONE ON THESE STRUCTURES, AND IN SOME CASES, THE REPAIRED PARTS WERE ONCE MORE DAMAGED AFTER A WHILE. THE RESULTS OF INVESTIGATIONS AND THE PRACTICAL EXPERIENCES INDICATE THAT REPAIRING THESE STRUCTURES SHOULD BE DONE WITH MATERIALS COMPATIBLE WITH THE PARTICULAR CONDITIONS OF THE AREA AND WITH ACCURATE TECHNIQUES, OTHERWISE THE REPARATION OPERATION WILL FACE FAILURE. IN THIS ARTICLE, THE EVALUATION RESULTS OF CEMENT MATERIALS AND THE CEMENT MATERIALS USING MICRO-SILICA AND THE DRY PROMPT MATERIALS WERE IMPLEMENTED. IN ORDER TO EVALUATE THE MATERIALS, THEIR PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL FEATURES, THEIR DURABILITY AND FINALLY THEIR ADHERENCE TO THE BASE CONCRETES AT THE LABORATORY AND IN THE STIMULATED CONDITIONS OF THE PERSIAN GULF WERE INVESTIGATED. THE PROPOSED RESULTS IN THIS ARTICLE ARE A PART OF "THE STUDY AND INVESTIGATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF A PART OF REPARATION MATERIALS IN SURFACE REPARATION OF CONCRETE IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS OF THE PERSIAN GULF" RESEARCH PLAN WHICH IS BEING OPERATED AT BUILDING AND HOUSE RESEARCH CENTER. THE RESULTS OF THE INVESTIGATIONS INDICATE THAT CEMENT MATERIALS PRODUCED BY USING MICRO-SILICA AND LUBRICANTS HAVE THE DURABILITY AND THE ADHERENCE OF THE OLD CONCRETE IF AN ADEQUATE ADHESIVE LAYER (THE POLYMER MODIFIED ADHESIVE LAYER) IS USED.

AFTER YEARS OF ESTABLISHING COASTAL AND MARITIME STRUCTURES, THIS IS A KNOWN FACT THAT THE SEA ENVIRONMENT IS THE MOST EROSIVE AND COMPLICATED ENVIRONMENT OF NATURE. SOME OF THE EROSIVE ELEMENTS NAMED WITHIN SEAWATER ARE OXYGEN, PH, SALT AND TEMPERATURE. THE DEEPEST EROSION HAPPENING TO THE MARITIME STRUCTURES AND BERTHS ARE THE FATIGUE CORROSION IN WELDED AREAS AND THE PITTING CORROSION. THUS, IN DESIGNING EVERY MARITIME STRUCTURE AND BERTHS, THE EROSION FACTOR SHOULD BE UNDER A CRITICAL ATTENTION AND THEY MUST BE PROTECTED USING ANTI-EROSION SYSTEMS. DESPITE ALL THE EVALUATIONS ON THE CATHODE SYSTEM DESIGNING, PREPARATION AND IMPLEMENTATION STEPS, THERE IS STILL A RISK THAT THE USEFUL LIFE OF MARITIME STRUCTURES IS LOWER THAN THE DESIGNED AND THE EXPECTED LIFE WITH CATHODE PRESERVING SYSTEMS. THIS USUALLY OCCURS IN CASES WHERE THE HYPOTHESIS THAT THE DESIGN WERE BUILT UPON IS FLAWED OR WHEN DESIGNED CATHODE PRESERVING SYSTEM IS DAMAGED DURING THE IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS. THIS IS THE REASON WHY THE CATHODE PRESERVED STRUCTURES SHOULD BE UNDER FREQUENT OR PERMANENT CONTROL OR MONITORING. ONLY THROUGH THESE REGULAR INSPECTIONS CAN THE PERFORMANCE OF CATHODE PRESERVING SYSTEMS BE PRECISELY UNDERSTOOD. IN THIS ARTICLE, THE EFFORT IS ON CLEANING THE POLLUTIONS OF SEA ENVIRONMENT AND PREVENTING THE DAMAGES AND FINANCIAL WASTES CAUSED BY EROSION. MOREOVER, THE KNOWN EROSION TYPES IN SEA ENVIRONMENTS, THE METHODS OF CATHODE PROTECTION ON BERTHS AND MARITIME STRUCTURES AND NEW CONTROLLING AND MONITORING METHODS ARE PROPOSED.

SINCE THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY, IMPLEMENTATION OF ARMED CONCRETE WAS SUGGESTED AS A CHOICE IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS. THE FEATURES OF HIGH STRENGTH, LONG LIFESPAN, EASE OF IMPLEMENTATION AND ALSO BEING ECONOMIC (COMPARED TO STEEL STRUCTURES ESPECIALLY AFTER WORLD WAR TWO AND THE LACK OF IRON) HAS CAUSED THE ARMED CONCRETE TO HAVE A VAST APPLICATION RANGE. IN MOST OF THESE APPLICATION CASES, THE STEEL ARMATURE OF CONCRETE WERE DURABLE WITH NO PROBLEM, SO IT IS OBVIOUS THAT THE CHANGE IN ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS CAN CREATE SERIOUS DAMAGES CAUSED BY THE EROSION OF STEEL IN SOME CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND CONSTRUCTIONS. IF THE ALKALINE ENVIRONMENT CREATED WITHIN CONCRETE BECAUSE OF CEMENT HYDRATION THAT PROTECTS THE STEELS WITHIN THE ARMED CONCRETE FROM EROSION FADES BECAUSE OF SALT POLLUTION (AND CHLORIDE ATTACK), THE STEEL ARMATURE OF CONCRETE WILL FACE EROSION. THESE FACTORS IN FACT DETERMINE THE ELECTROCHEMICAL CONDITIONS THAT START THE EROSION PROCESS. IN ORDER TO STOP OR PREVENT THE EROSION FROM HAPPENING, A LOW CURRENT CAN BE PASSED THROUGH THE STEEL SO THAT THE ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL NEEDED FOR EROSION CAN BE OBTAINED IN NO PARTS OF THE STEEL ARMATURE. TODAY, THIS METHOD IS KNOWN AS THE CATHODE PROTECTION OF THE STEEL IN ARMED CONCRETE USED FOR MARITIME STRUCTURES WITHIN AN EROSIVE ENVIRONMENT, BECAUSE OF THE EXISTENCE OF CHLORIDE ION, DRY AND WET CYCLES, HIGH LEVELS OF HUMIDITY AND TEMPERATURE. THIS METHOD IS CONSIDERED AS A PROVED STRATEGY AND ITS INSTRUCTIONS AND PRINCIPLES ARE EXPLAINED IN INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS.

THE CONCRETE CONSTRUCTIONS USED IN HOSTILE AND CORRODING ENVIRONMENTS SUCH AS MARITIME STRUCTURES, INDUSTRIAL AND CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENTS ARE FACED WITH VARIOUS ISSUES, WHOSE MAIN CAUSE IS LOW STRENGTH OF CONCRETE FOR SPECIAL APPLICATIONS AND ITS HIGH PERMEABILITY AGAINST WATER AND CONTAMINANTS. TODAY, IT IS COMMON TO VASTLY USE POLYMER MATERIALS IN ORDER TO IMPROVE THE CONCRETE FEATURES. BY REPLACING THE WHOLE CEMENT MATRIX BY THE POLYMER CARRYING CONCRETE, A MIXTURE CALLED POLYMERIC CONCRETE IS OBTAINED. THESE MIXTURES CAN BE USED IN LARGE HYDRAULIC CONSTRUCTIONS IN ORDER TO LOWER THE CORROSION, IN BRIDGES ARMED CONCRETE CONSERVATION AGAINST THE PENETRATION OF SALT AND THE CORROSION OF THE STEEL WITHIN THE CONCRETE, IN THE FLOORS OF INDUSTRIAL AND CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENTS, THE TUNNELS, DAMS AND MARITIME STRUCTURES COATING AND ALSO IN FAST RESTORATION OF DAMAGED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTIONS. IN THIS RESEARCH, AFTER SELECTING THE MATERIALS AND DETERMINING AN ADEQUATE COMPOSITION AND A PROCESSING METHOD CONSIDERING THE COMMON EQUIPMENT, THE POLYMERIC CONCRETE WITH SUPERIOR PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL FEATURES COMPARED TO THE NORMAL CONCRETE WAS PRODUCED WITH THE FOLLOWING SIGNIFICANT FEATURES: PRESSURE STRENGTH OF 107 MPA (3 TO 5 TIMES MORE THAN THE NORMAL CONCRETE), BRAZILIAN STRENGTH OF 12.4 MPA, MORE THAN 15.6 MPA FLEXURAL STRENGTH, WATER PENETRATION PERCENTAGE OF 0.18%, DENSITY OF 2.14 GR/CM3, MORE THAN 2.3 MPA COHESION, AND NO WEIGHT REDUCTION AFTER PASSING TWENTY 24-HOUR CYCLES IN THE SATURATED SODIUM SULFATE MIXTURE.

IN THIS PAPER, THE RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF THE OFFSHORE PLATFORM STRUCTURES IS DESCRIBED. THE STRUCTURES ARE UNDER THE PRESSURE OF VARIOUS IMPOSED LOADS AND ALSO UNDER THE NON-GAUSSIAN DYNAMIC WIND AND WAVES CHARGES. IN ORDER TO PERFORM THE ANALYSIS, A METHOD BASED UPON THE NOTION OF OUT-CROSSING IS USED WITH THE DIRECTIONAL SIMULATION IN THE LOADING AREA IS PROPOSED. PRECISE AND DEFINITE RESULTS OF ACCIDENTAL GAUSSIAN PROCESSES WERE USED BY REPETITION TO ESTIMATE THE OUTCROSSING RATE OF NON-GAUSSIAN PROCESSES OF WAVE AND WIND CHARGES, AND FINALLY THE STRUCTURES DESTRUCTION POSSIBILITY WITHIN A PARTICULAR PERIOD WILL BE FOUND. IN ORDER TO EVALUATE THE RESULTS GAINED BY THE MENTIONED STRATEGY, THE ACCIDENTAL PROCESSES OF WIND AND WAVE CHARGES ARE PRODUCED BY USING THE MONTE CARLO SIMULATION METHOD AND BY IMPLEMENTING THIS METHOD ON THE STRUCTURES THE POSSIBILITY OF THE STRUCTURES DESTRUCTION WILL BE RESOLVED. UNFORTUNATELY, AS EXPECTED, THE SIMULATION OPERATION OF THE PROCESSES INVOLVED IN THE STRUCTURES ANALYSIS IS VERY COSTLY IN THE POINT OF VIEW OF TIME AND MASS AMOUNT AND THERE ARE SOME LIMITS TO ITS IMPLEMENTATION. IN THE FOLLOWING SAMPLE, IT WILL BE INDICATED THAT THE ACCURACY OF THE PROPOSED STRATEGY OF CALCULATING THE POSSIBILITY OF THE STRUCTURES DESTRUCTION BY THE NOTION OF OUTCROSSING AND USING THE MENTIONED APPROXIMATION ARE COMPLETELY COMPATIBLE WITH THE RESULTS OF THE MONTE CARLO SIMULATION. ALSO, THE CALCULATION OPERATION VOLUME NEEDED IN THE PROPOSED METHOD IS MUCH LESS THAN THE MENTIONED SIMULATION METHOD.

TODAY, THE NEED FOR LOWERING COASTAL TRAFFIC LOAD AND THE AFFORDABLE USE OF SMALL SHIPS OR BOATS IN COMPARISON TO OTHER COASTAL TRANSPORTATION MEANS HAS JUSTIFIED THEIR IMPLEMENTATION. HOWEVER, IN SOME CASES IT IS NECESSARY TO BUILD NAVIGABLE CANALS NEAR OR AT THE NATURAL RIVERS AND CONDUCT THE TRANSPORTATIONS IN THERE. IN DESIGNING THE NAVIGABLE CANALS, SOME PARAMETERS SUCH AS CANALS SECTION, CURRENTS DEPTH, LATERAL TILT, SECTION TILT, FREE HEIGHT AND THE CURRENT SPEED SHOULD BE CONSIDERED. IN THIS STUDY, BY USING THE OPTIMIZING EQUIPMENT AND BY CONSIDERING THE PRINCIPLES OF DESIGNING AND THE GIVEN CONDITION, THE TRAPEZOID CANAL SECTION IS OPTIMIZED BY USING THE NON-LINEAR MODEL, SO THAT THE SHIPS CAN MOVE SAFELY ALONG THE CANAL. IN THE OPTIMIZATION PROCEDURE OF THE MENTIONED NON-LINEAR MODEL, THE POSSIBLE DIRECTIONS STRATEGY IS USED, AND A MODEL WAS SUGGESTED FOR TWO PATTERNS AND AN ACCEPTABLE RESULT WAS OBTAINED.

RIVER TRANSPORTATION WAS ALWAYS ONE OF THE OLDEST WAYS OF SHIPPING IN THE PRIMITIVE WORLD. IN THE ANCIENT CULTURES, RIVERS SUCH AS NILE, EUPHRATES, KONG AND DANUBE WERE USED FOR THIS PURPOSE AND THE HISTORY OF NAVIGATION IN THE WATERWAYS OF EUROPE GOES BACK TO 793 AD, THOUGH THE HISTORY OF SHIPPING IN IRANIAN RIVERS SUCH AS KARUN, BAHMANSHIR AND ARVAND GOES BACK TO THE 19TH CENTURY. IN THIS ARTICLE, THE WELL-KNOWN WATERWAYS OF THE WORLD SUCH AS SAINT LAURENCE WITH THE LENGTH OF 3700 KILOMETERS AT THE BORDER OF UNITED STATES AND CANADA, THE SVEN-RHINE WATERWAY AT THE BORDER OF FRANCE, GERMANY AND SWITZERLAND, THE VOLGA-DON WATERWAY WITH THE LENGTH OF 101 KILOMETERS IN RUSSIA, THE TROLLHATTE WATERWAY WITH THE LENGTH OF 82 KILOMETERS IN SWEDEN AND THE RHINE-MAIN-DANUBE WATERWAY WITH THE LENGTH OF 171 KILOMETERS IN GERMANY ARE POINTED OUT AND THEIR GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS ARE STUDIED. CONSIDERING THE POSITION OF MARITIME TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM IN TODAY'S WORLD, IT IS SUITABLE TO CONTEMPLATE ABOUT THE VIVIFICATION OF THE MARITIME TRANSPORTATION IN IRANIAN WATERWAYS. IN THIS REGARD, THE PROVINCE OF KHUZESTAN BY HAVING HIGH ECONOMICAL POTENTIAL AND BY HAVING THE RIVER OF KARUN IN ITS POSSESSION HAS AN EXCELLENT OPPORTUNITY, THUS, THE CLARIFICATION OF THE MARITIME TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM AND THE PARTIAL BENEFITS OF CONSTRUCTING A SHIPPING WATERWAY IN KARUN IS INVESTIGATED.

THE OUTER WALL OF THE MARITIME STRUCTURES SHOULD RESIST EROSION AND WEATHERING CAUSED BY PERMANENT OR FREQUENT CONTACT WITH COASTAL CLIMATE, AND BECAUSE OF THE WAVE COLLISION IMPACTS. HENCE, THE USED CONCRETE SHOULD BE ABLE TO ABSORB MUCH ENERGY SO THAT IT CAN PERSIST AGAINST THE WAVE COLLISION IMPACTS. SOME OF THE APPLIED ASPECTS OF THE YARNED CONCRETE ARE IMPLEMENTATION IN CONCRETE SURFACING, CARGO FLOORS, THE BERTHS DOCKS, THE HARBOR DECKS AND THE GROINS PRESERVED WITH CONCRETE STRUCTURES. CONSIDERING THE FACT THAT STEEL YARNS ARE NOT PRODUCED IN IRAN AND THE CONSEQUENT CHALLENGES FOR ACCESSING TO THIS PRODUCTION DURING THE PROJECTS PROCESS, THE AUTHORS HAVE TRIED TO PRODUCE A TYPE OF UNDULATING STEEL YARN FROM SOFT WIRES OF ZANJAN FACTORY TO SOLVE THIS PROBLEM. IN ORDER TO DETERMINE THE APPLICATION OF THESE YARNS BY SIMULATING THE CLIMATE OF THE SOUTHERN COASTS OF IRAN, CONCRETE SAMPLES WERE STUDIED FOR 80 DAYS OF SIMILAR CONCRETE SURFACING OPERATION, AND THE RESULT WAS THAT THE INNER STEEL YARNS, WHILE CONTROLLING THE TENSION CRACKS IN THEIR WIDTH, LENGTH AND DEPTH, ARE INCREASING CONCRETE STATIC STRENGTH AND IN COMPARISON TO THE STEEL YARNS GENERATED OUTSIDE OF THE COUNTRY, THESE YARNS CAUSE THE CONCRETE TO SHOW A HIGHLY FAVORABLE PERFORMANCE.

ONE OF THE SOIL IMPROVEMENT METHODS IS DYNAMIC DENSITY, IMPLEMENTED BY FREE FALL OF HEAVY WEIGHTS FROM A HEIGHT. THIS METHOD IS USED IN SHAHID MAHALATI SHIPYARD IN BUSHEHR, IN ORDER TO IMPROVE THE SOIL OF AN AREA OF 50,000 SQUARE METERS. THE SANDY PROFILE INCLUDES THE EMBANKMENT SANDY MATERIALS, FRAGILE, SATURATED AND COMPRESSIBLE SILTY GRAIN AND SOFT SILTY CLAY. THE DYNAMIC DENSITY METHOD WAS IMPLEMENTED WITH THE AIM OF INCREASING THE PARAMETERS OF LAYER ENGINEERING OF FRAGILE AND SATURATED SILTY GRAIN. COMPRESSION WITH A 30-TON WEIGHT AND FREE FALL FROM A 17-METER HEIGHT WERE EMPLOYED IN A SQUARE TRELLIS AND IN TWO STAGES. IN THIS ARTICLE, WHILE EXPRESSING THE REASON OF SELECTING THE DYNAMIC DENSITY AS A SOIL IMPROVEMENT METHOD, IMPROVEMENT LATERAL EXPANSION, RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF IMPROVEMENT AND POWER OF FREE FALL, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF DYNAMIC DENSITY, CORRELATION BETWEEN THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY AND SUBSIDENCE, QUALITY CHECK OF DYNAMIC DENSITY AND EFFECT OF DYNAMIC DENSITY METHOD ON DECREASING RUNOFF POTENTIAL ARE DISCUSSED.

MARITIME RIVER BULWARKS ARE STRUCTURES BUILT IN THE WAY OF RIVERS, ESTUARIES OR ARTIFICIAL CANALS IN ORDER TO PROVIDE AN ADEQUATE WATER LEVEL FOR SHIPPING OR AT THE WATERWAY'S OPENING LEADING TO THE SEA IN ORDER TO CONTROL THE SALINITY PERMEATION OF THE SEAWATER. THESE STRUCTURES ENABLE THE SHIPS, BARGES AND OTHER VESSELS TO PASS FROM THE SEA TO THE RIVER OR THE ESTUARY OR THE OTHER WAY AROUND IN DIFFERENT HYDRAULIC CONDITIONS. ISSUES SUCH AS CANALIZATION BY THE CURRENT'S PASSAGE FROM BENEATH THE BULWARKS FOUNDATION MIGHT CAUSE THE DAMAGE OF THE STRUCTURE'S DOWNSTREAM CAPE, WHICH BY HAVING KNOWLEDGE ON THE HYDRAULIC CONDITIONS AT UP AND DOWNSTREAM, NEEDS HYDRAULICS PRINCIPLES AND STANDARDS. THE MARITIME BULWARKS MIGHT BE LOCATED ON A PERMEABLE BASE OR NOT, WHICH IS EITHER WAY NECESSARY TO BE PREPARED IN ORDER TO CONTROL THE PRESSURE. IN THIS ARTICLE, WHILE REVIEWING THE HYDRAULICS PRINCIPLES AND STANDARDS PROPOSED IN AMERICA, EUROPE AND THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION, THE RELATED ISSUES SUCH AS CONTROL OF SALINITY, WATER STORAGE AND DESIGNING A BULWARK DRYING SYSTEM IS SURVEYED. MOREOVER, IN THIS ARTICLE, THE DREDGING PROJECT OF BAHMANSHIR RIVER IS DISCUSSED IN ORDER TO CLARIFY THE NECESSARY STANDARDS OF MARITIME BULWARKS.

THE SYSTEMATIC USAGE OF COMPUTER EQUIPMENT SUCH AS HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE AND THE GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION (SPATIAL AND NON-SPATIAL) THAT INCLUDE THE GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) HAS BEEN UNIVERSALLY IMPLEMENTED SINCE 1980. DIFFERENT FEATURES OF THIS SYSTEM SUCH AS FAST AND PRECISE SPATIAL AND NON-SPATIAL INFORMATION JOINT STORING AND ANALYZING AND EXPORTING THE RESULTS IN DIFFERENT FORMS HAS CAUSED THIS SYSTEM TO BE USED IN MANY STUDY FIELDS OF URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING SCIENCE, SOCIAL SCIENCES AND ECONOMICS, INDUSTRIES, AGRICULTURES AND SO ON. CONSIDERING THE MENTIONED FEATURES, IT HAS BEEN TRIED TO EXPLAIN THE INSTRUCTION OF USING THIS SYSTEM IN BERTHS POSITIONING. IN THIS STUDY, IT HAS BEEN TRIED TO PROPOSE A GENERAL DISCUSSION ABOUT THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM IN POSITIONING AND FORMATION OF SPATIAL AND NON-SPATIAL INFORMATION BASE. THE RESULTS OF THE DISCUSSED TOPICS INDICATE THAT THE IMPLEMENTATION OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM IN BERTHS POSITIONING IS SCIENTIFIC. MOREOVER, ITS IMPORTANT POINT IS ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN VARIOUS LEVELS OF THE MODELING OF SMALL FISHING BERTHS TO LARGE BERTHS WITH INTERNATIONAL PERFORMANCE. THE IMPLEMENTATION ACCEPTANCE OF THIS SYSTEM BY THE RELATED ORGANIZATIONS IN THE FIELDS OF CONSTRUCTION, DEVELOPMENT AND EXPANSION OF BERTHS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR IN THIS SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT, AND ALSO, THE COOPERATION OF THESE ORGANIZATIONS IN GENERATING AND PROPOSING THE INFORMATION NEEDED FOR THE GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM BASE IS ONE OF THE BASIC NECESSITIES.

THIS RESEARCH IS THE RESULT OF A PERIOD OF AN APPLIED STUDY ON A SAMPLE OF WAVES PLANT UNITS AND THE STATIC INSTALLATION OF WATER OSCILLATING COLUMNS ON THE COASTS. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY IS ACHIEVING THE MODELING STRATEGY OF THE MENTIONED UNITS. AND WHILE TRYING TO ACHIEVE THIS GOAL, IT IS TRIED TO (ACCURATELY) SOLVE THE STRUCTURAL EQUATIONS OF THE DEVICES' HYDRODYNAMICS. BY ANALYZING THE MOVEMENT OF THE OSCILLATION BEHAVIOR OF THE DYNAMIC COLUMNS, THE NECESSARY CHARACTERISTICS NEEDED TO ACHIEVE THE OPTIMUM UNIT ARE DETERMINED. THE MAIN RESEARCH ORIENTATIONS ARE: 1) A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE TECHNICAL HISTORY OF OWC UNITS, 2) ANALYZING THE GENERAL EQUATIONS EFFECTING THE DEVICES' BEHAVIOR IN HYPOTHETICAL CONDITIONS, 3) DETERMINING THE SIGNIFICANT FACTORS OF ANALYZING THE DEVICES' PERFORMANCE, 4) SOLVING THE EFFECTIVE MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONS AND STUDYING THE RESULTS, AND 5) PROPOSING THE RESULTS IN EXPERT DISCUSSION. ALSO AT THE END, AS A CASE STUDY, THE PROGRESS LEVELS OF WAVE PLANT UNITS' IN THE TYPE OF WATER OSCILLATING COLUMN PROJECT, WITH THE SUPERVISION OF THE ENERGY DEPARTMENT OF THE MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND THE COOPERATION OF THIS CENTER IS POINTED OUT.