کنفرانس بین المللی پژوهش های نوین در مدیریت، اقتصاد و حسابداری
سال:1394 | دوره:6 |تعداد مقالات:26

FINANCIAL MARKET DEVELOPMENT IS MAIN OBJECTIVE AND PRIORITY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES REFORMATION OF FINANCIAL MARKETS IS FOUND TO BE INEVITABLE AND ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY, AS THERE IS CLOSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ACCORDING TO STUDIES. THE UNDERDEVELOPMENT OF THE FINANCIAL SECTOR IS ONE OF THE REASONS WHY POORER COUNTRIES TEND TO FURTHER DECLINE THEIR PRODUCTION THAN IN MORE DEVELOPED ECONOMIES. THIS EFFECT IS PARTICULARLY EXACERBATED IN OUTPUT CONTRACTIONS. ACCORDING TO MANY ECONOMISTS, ONE OF THE MAIN ECONOMIC ISSUES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IS LACK OF INVESTMENT WHICH IS THE MAIN ENGINE OF GROWTH AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. IMPROVING EFFICIENCY OF FINANCIAL MARKETS AND FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT CAN SOMEHOW LOWER THIS PROBLEM. FINANCIAL MARKET THROUGH ITS FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND INSTITUTIONS IS ABLE TO COLLECT STAGNANT SOURCES OF SAVINGS THROUGH AN EFFICIENT FINANCIAL MECHANISM AVAILABLE TO THE APPLICANT'S CAPITAL. FROM THIS DESCRIPTION, FINANCIAL MARKET CAN BE AS SUPPLY MARKET, ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTORS OF PRODUCTION (CAPITAL) AND WHAT IS REFERRED TO AS AN ENGINE OF ECONOMIC GROWTH. THIS PAPER AIMS TO EVALUATE EFFECT OF FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. HDI INDICATORS WERE USED FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND FINANCIAL DEPTH INDICATOR WAS ADOPTED FOR FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT INDEX. ALSO CONSISTENT WITH THE DEFINITION FOR GOVERNMENT SIZE, GOVERNMENT SPENDING DIVIDE FOR THE ON GDP IN CURRENT PRICES WERE USED. TO MEASURE FINANCIAL DEPTH INDEX, LIQUIDITY WAS DIVIDED BY GDP IN CURRENT PRICES. IN ACCORDANCE MODEL ESTIMATION RESULTS, IMPACT OF FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT INDEX (FINANCIAL DEPTH INDEX) ON THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI) IS A POSITIVE AND SIGNIFICANT.

NOWADAYS, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT (FDI) HAS RECEIVED GREAT ATTENTION AS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT ECONOMIC VARIABLES IN MOST COUNTRIES SO THAT TO SEIZE THE INITIATIVE IN THIS AREA CAN FULFILL A LARGE PART OF THE COUNTRY'S ECONOMIC GOALS. INADEQUATE DOMESTIC RESOURCES FOR CAPITAL ACCUMULATION, OR NEED TO INTENSIVE TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE AND TECHNOLOGY IN WHICH ARE SOUGHT TO ATTRACT FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT REQUIRES A SERIOUS APPROACH TO SOLVE SUCH ISSUE. THE PRESENT RESEARCH EVALUATES FACTORS AFFECTING FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND FOR THIS, EFFECTS OF VARIABLES AS GDP, EXCHANGE RATE, ECONOMIC SECURITY INDEX AND ECONOMIC OPENNESS TO FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN THE PERIOD 1997 TO 2013 WERE EVALUATED QUARTERLY. RESULTS OF MODEL ESTIMATION USING VECTOR AUTOREGRESSION METHOD SHOWED THAT VARIABLES SUCH AS ECONOMIC SECURITY ON FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, REAL EXCHANGE RATE, OPENNESS DEGREE AND GDP IMPOSE POSITIVE EFFECTS ON FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT.

STRUCTURAL ISSUES IN THE BANKING SYSTEM AND ECONOMIC SANCTIONS HAVE LED TO IRAN'S INABILITY IN FINANCING FROM INTERNATIONAL ROUTES, SO ITS ECONOMY SYSTEM RELIANCE ON MONETARY- BANKING SYSTEM HAVE BEEN INCREASED STRONGLY AND THIS INCREASED HIGH-IMPACT OF INTEREST RATES ON INVESTMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR AND CONSEQUENTLY ON ECONOMIC VARIABLES. SO SUCH FACTORS COMPOUNDED IMPORTANCE OF THE ROLE OF INTEREST RATES IN GDP IN IRAN. THE PRESENT PAPER AIMS TO EVALUATE EFFECT OF INTEREST RATES ON PRODUCTION IN IRAN BETWEEN 1981-2013 USING VECTOR REGRESSION MODELS. THE MODEL ESTIMATION RESULTS INDICATE THAT INTEREST RATE NEGATIVELY AFFECT INFLUENCES GDP. THE EMPIRICAL RESULTS SUGGEST THAT UPON INCREASING LABOR WAGES, GDP INCREASES (LABOR HAS POSITIVE IMPACT ON GDP IN IRAN) SO THAT WITH INCREASED WAGE RATES, LABOR SUPPLY CURVE SHIFTED TO THE RIGHT AND LABOR DEMAND CURVE TO TENDS TO LEFT. THE MODEL ESTIMATION SHOWED THAT THE LABOR SUPPLY CURVE IS OUTWEIGH DEMAND LEADING TO TRANSFER OF AGGREGATE SUPPLY CURVE TO THE RIGHT AND HENCE MORE GDP. LASTLY, ACCORDING TO MODEL ESTIMATION IT CAN BE NOTED THAT PRODUCTIVITY IMPACT ON GDP IS POSITIVE AS EXPECTED.

THE ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT LITERATURE HAS DEVOTED A LOT ATTENTION ON HOW STRUCTURAL KNOWLEDGE PROCESSES ENHANCE LEARNING. THERE HAS BEEN LITTLE EMPHASIS ON THE INFORMAL KNOWLEDGE PROCESSES AND THE CONSTRUCT REMAINS UNDEFINED. THE PURPOSE OF THIS PAPER IS TO HIGHLIGHT THE IMPORTANCE OF INFORMAL KNOWLEDGE PROCESSES, PROPOSE A DEFINITION FOR THESE PROCESSES AND LINK THEM TO THE SOCIALIZATION AND INTERNALIZATION PROCESSES SUGGESTED BY NONAKA AND TAKEUCHI IN THE SECI MODEL. THE PAPER OFFERS A FRESH PERSPECTIVE ON HOW INFORMAL KNOWLEDGE PROCESSES IN ORGANIZATIONS HELP TO ENHANCE THE ORGANIZATION’S LEARNING CAPABILITY. IT WILL ENABLE SCHOLARS AND MANAGERS TO HAVE A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF HOW INFORMAL KNOWLEDGE PROCESSES PROMOTE TACIT KNOWLEDGE.

HISTORICALLY, HUMAN HAVE ATTEMPTED TO ESCAPE DEATH AND DELAYING IT INCREASINGLY. THUS, COMPARED TO OTHER DEMOGRAPHIC EVENTS, DEATHS HAVE BEEN THE FIRST THING THAT RECEIVED HUMAN'S ATTENTION. ATTEMPTS TO REDUCE FATALITIES AND MEASURES APPLIED FOR THIS PURPOSE IS A SUBJECT ACCEPTED BY ALL CULTURES AND IDEOLOGIES AND THERE IS NO RESISTANCE IN THIS CONTEXT. GIVEN THAT HUMAN RESOURCES AND POPULATION IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT TOOLS AND FUNDAMENTAL VARIABLES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, SO TRYING TO IMPROVE THE HEALTH AND SURVIVAL IS NECESSARY AND IMPORTANT. DEATH IS INTRINSIC AND NATURAL AND INEVITABLE PHENOMENON SO THAT HUMANITY FROM THE BEGINNING KNEW THAT HE/SHE WOULD BE DIED AND OVER TIME AND BY ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE AND HUMAN KNOWLEDGE TO ESCAPE DEATH, HUMAN SOUGHT TO FIND WAYS TO SLOW DOWN THE RATE OF MORTALITY AND TO DELAY IT. CONSEQUENTLY, AND GIVEN THAT DEATH DECEASED'S AGE HAS SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS ON THE POPULATION'S MOVEMENTS AND DEATH IN PEOPLE LEADS TO LOW FERTILITY AND REDUCE REPRODUCTION AS WELL AS ACTIVE LABORS, THIS PAPER SEEKS TO EXAMINE THE ROLE OF MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES ON MORTALITY RATE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. STATISTICAL DATA ARE DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLES RELATED TO YEARS 2000 AND 2014 RESPECTIVELY. AFTER DIAGNOSTIC TESTING (LEVIN-LIN-CHU TEST AND NON-RELIABILITY) AND ALSO (LIMER TEST AND PANEL DATA ESTIMATION USING PANEL DATA TECHNIQUES) AND (HOUSMAN TEST - RANDOM EFFECTS) WAS CONDUCTED AND HAVING MODEL TYPE SPECIFIED, MORTALITY ESTIMATION WAS PERFORMED.

WITHOUT A DOUBT, INSURANCE COMPANIES NEED DESPERATELY TO IMPROVE THEIR PERFORMANCE TO GAIN COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE IN THE CURRENT TURBULENT MARKET. ON THE OTHER HAND, NEW HUMAN RESOURCE CHALLENGES ARE FACING A CRUCIAL ROLE IN IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF INSURANCE COMPANIES, THEREFORE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF THE NEW HUMAN RESOURCES CHALLENGES IN THE PERFORMANCE OF INSURANCE COMPANY. IN THIS RESEARCH, DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH SURVEY -METHOD IS USED AND AND THE METHODOLOGY IS APPLIED.THE STATISTICL POPULATION CONSISTED OF ALL EMPLOYEES IN DIFFERENT LEVELS OF INSURANCE COMPANY SAMAN. THE NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES WERE 440. ACCORDING TO THE JERSEY - MORGAN SAMPLING, SAMPLE SIZE OF 205 INDIVIDUALS WAS SELECTED. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS AND INFERENTIAL STATISTICS INCLUDING T-TEST WAS USED TO ANALYZE THE DATA COLLECTED IN ORDER TO INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF NEW HUMAN RESOURCE CHALLENGES IN PERFORMANCE OF SAMAN INSURANCE COMPANY. AFTER ANALYZING THE DATA USING SPSS SOFTWARE; FINDINGS CONFIRM THE EFFECTS OF TWENTY- TWO CHALLENGES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SAMAN INSURANCE COMPANY.

THE AIM OF THIS STUDY IS TO INVESTIGATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIAL CAPITAL AND STRATEGIC KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT MATURITY IN THE NATIONAL IRANIAN DRILLING COMPANY. THIS STUDY IS APPLIED OBJECTIVELY AND IN TERMS OF DATA COLLECTING AND PROCESSING IS DESCRIPTIVE, THE STUDY SAMPLE IS 700 EMPLOYEES OF THE NATIONAL DRILLING COMPANY OF WHICH BASED ON SAMPLING FROM LIMITED POPULATION AND IN ERROR-LEVEL 0.05, 153 SUBJECTS WERE SELECTED. THE TOOL OF COLLECTING DATA IN THIS STUDY HAS BEEN A RESEARCH-MADE QUESTIONNAIRE THAT INCLUDED TWO QUESTIONNAIRES OF SOCIAL CAPITAL AND STRATEGIC KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT MATURITY. RELIABILITY OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE WAS APPROVED BY CRONBACH ALPHA. IN ORDER TO ANALYZE THE DATA IN THIS STUDY, THE CORRELATION ANALYSIS WAS USED TO TEST THE HYPOTHESES. IN THIS STUDY, THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIAL CAPITAL AND STRATEGIC KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT MATURITY BASED ON METEOR MODEL INCLUDES FOUR AREAS BASED ON AREAS OF COGNITIVE ABILITY, GUIDANCE, AND VALUE AND ESTIMATE OF OUTCOMES HAS BEEN INVESTIGATED. THE RESULTS OF THE ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH DATA SHOW THAT THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT AND POSITIVE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIAL CAPITAL AND COGNITIVE ABILITY, GUIDANCE, VALUE AND ESTIMATE OF OUTCOMES.

IF THERE IS A CORRECT ARRANGEMENT AND BUDGETARY DISCIPLINE IN GOVERNMENT FUNDING, GOVERNMENT SPENDING IN THE REALM OF STRATEGIC AND FUNDAMENTAL IMPERATIVES CAN LEAD TO A PROTECTIVE EFFECT; THIS MEANS THAT ANY INCREASE IN GOVERNMENT SPENDING AS A SUPPLEMENT AND INFRASTRUCTURE, INCREASES FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT. FOR THIS, THE PRESENT THESIS EXAMINES RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEFICIT AND FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN IRAN. THIS HAS COMPOUNDED IMPORTANCE OF GOVERNMENT'S FOCUS ON FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN RECENT YEARS TO OFFSET STATE BUDGET DEFICIT. IN THIS PAPER, PROPOSED MODEL IS USED TO ASSESS RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND SHORT AND LONG TERM IMPACTS OF THE BUDGET DEFICIT FOR THE YEARS 1997-2014 (IN QUARTERLY MANNER). ACCORDING TO RESULTS, EFFECT OF SHORT-TERM DYNAMIC MODEL ESTIMATE ON GOVERNMENT DEFICIT VARIABLE FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IS NEGATIVE AND SIGNIFICANT. EFFECT OF VARIABLE GDP ON BUDGET DEFICIT IS NEGATIVE BUT STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT.

THESE DAYS, BANKS AS MOST IMPORTANT OF MARKET ELEMENT HAVE IMPORTANT ROLE IN COUNTRY ECONOMY. TO DEVELOPMENT OF FINANCIAL MARKET, INCREASE FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND THE BANKS ACTIVITIES AND, THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IS NOT POSSIBLE WITHOUT CONSIDERING THE MONEY MARKETS AND THE ROLE OF BANKING. THE BANKS ARE THE MAIN PROVIDERS OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES OF ECONOMY SECTORS (INDUSTRY, AGRICULTURE AND SERVICES) AND IN ADDITION TO ITS MAIN FUNCTION, THE BANK’S PRIMARY MOTIVATION FOR THE MOBILIZATION AND ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES AND GIVE VARIOUS SERVICE TO CUSTOMERS. IS REVENUE AND GAINING INTEREST AS OTHER FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS.DUE TO THE SPECIAL ROLE OF BANKS IN THE ECONOMIC SYSTEM OF THE COUNTRY, ANY SHOCK, DISRUPTION OR INEFFICIENCY IN THE ECONOMIC SYSTEM AFFECT DIRECTLY THE FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND BANKS ACTIVITIES AND EVENTS SUCH AS BANKING DEBTS OF PAST MATURITY AND SOME ECONOMIC VARIABLES SUCH AS INFLATION WILL BE EFFECTIVE DIRECTLY AND INDIRECTLY ON OPERATING COST AND MONEY AND FINALLY PROFITABILITY OF BANKS, MOREOVER TO FINANCIAL DEPENDENCE OF PRODUCTIVE SECTORS ON THIS IMPORTANT ECONOMIC INSTITUTION, ANY INEFFICIENCY AND THE CRISIS IN THE BANKING SYSTEM CAN FACE THE VARIOUS SECTORS OF ECONOMY TO MANY PROBLEMS.THIS PAPER EXAMINED THE PAST MATURITY BANKING DEBTS ON BANK PROFITABILITY OF IRAN PRIVATE BANK. ACCORDING TO THE RESULT OF MODEL ESTIMATION, THE IMPACT OF INFLATION RATES, INTEREST RATES ON BANK DEPOSITS AND PAST MATURITY DEBTS ON BANKS PROFITABILITY IS NEGATIVE AND SIGNIFICANT. ALSO THE IMPACT OF INFLATION RATE ON PRIVATE BANKS PROFITABILITY IN THE %95 CONFIDENCE LEVEL ISN’T SIGNIFICANT AND FINALLY THE IMPACT OF INTEREST RATE OF BANK DEPOSITS ON BANKS PROFITABILITY HAS NEGATIVE IMPACT AND SIGNIFICANT.

THE PRESENT PAPER AIMS TO ASSESS ROLE OF LOANS AND BANK FACILITIES ON VARIABLE "EMPLOYMENT" IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. NOWADAYS, GROWTH AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN A GIVEN COUNTRY IS CLOSELY TIED TO EMPLOYMENT RATE AND NON-EMPLOYMENT SERVES AS A POTENTIAL ACTIVE PART OF THEM. FOR THIS, TO EVALUATE CAUSES AND DETERMINANT FACTORS IN EMPLOYMENT RATE IN THESE COUNTRIES IS OF GREAT IMPORTANCE. GIVEN THIS AS WELL AS THE PROBABLE IMPACT OF LOANS GRANTING AND BANKING FACILITIES AS ONE OF THE MOST FUNDAMENTAL COMPONENTS OF MONETARY AND FISCAL ECONOMIC CYCLE THE COUNTRY, INVESTIGATING ROLE OF THESE BANKING CREDIT ON EMPLOYMENT IS OF FURTHER IMPORTANCE AND DUE TO LACK OF LITERATURES, STUDIES AND RESEARCH ON THIS SUBJECT, TO CONDUCTING SUCH STUDY IS NECESSARY. THESE FACTORS ARE MAIN MOTIVATORS AND THE FUNDAMENTAL REASON FOR DOING THE PRESENT STUDY. IN THIS PAPER, PANELS T INTERGROUP PHILLIPS-PERRON TEST (PP- STATISTIC PANEL) AND PANEL TEST OF GENERALIZED DICKEY FULLER STATISTICS SO CALLED PANEL ADF STATISTIC WERE USED. ACCORDING TO THE RESULTS FOR SELECTED COUNTRIES IN MIDEAST AND GIVEN LOW SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL OF 0.05, THE NULL HYPOTHESIS I.E. LACK OF CO-INTEGRATION RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VARIABLES, IS REJECTED. ALL FOUR TESTS CONFIRMED EXISTENCE OF VARIABLES CONVERGENCE AND CO-INTEGRATION OF VARIABLES IN LONG RUN AND LONG-RUN RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THEM. F STATISTIC CALCULATED AT ERROR LEVEL OF 5% IS MUCH GREATER THEREFORE, H0 HYPOTHESIS ON USING POOLIN METHOD IS REJECTED. GIVEN HAUSMAN TEST FOR DATA OBTAINED FOR SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL 95% H0 HYPOTHESIS IS REJECTED AND TO ESTIMATE MODEL, FIXED EFFECTS METHOD IS USED. AS MODEL ESTIMATION SHOWED, THE IMPACT OF THE FACILITIES AND CREDITS ON EMPLOYMENT (AS THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE) IS POSITIVE AND SUCH EFFECT IS STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT ON SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL OF 95%.

THE PRESENT RESEARCH ADDRESSES IMPACT OF MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICY ON INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN SOME SELECTED DEVELOPING AND DEVELOPED COUNTRIES. INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN THE ECONOMY IS MEASURED BY VARIOUS METHODS, MOST NOTABLY AND MOST OBVIOUS OF THESE METHODS INCLUDE INCOME DISTRIBUTION INDEX USING GINI INDEX. GOVERNMENTS AND STATES BY IMPOSING MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICIES CAN HAVE AN IMPACT ON MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES. INCOME DISTRIBUTION INDEX IS ONE OF MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES THAT ARE CONSIDERED BY ECONOMIC POLICY MAKERS. TO ESTIMATE GINI INDEX INDEX IN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, THE PANEL DATA MODEL WAS ADOPTED. LIQUIDITY AS A MONETARY POLICY INDEX AND TRANSFER FEES AS GOVERNMENT'S FISCAL POLICY INDEX IS USED. STATISTICAL DATA BETWEEN 2000 AND 2014 USING DATA FROM THE WORLD BANK WERE COLLECTED. THE RESULT OF THE ESTIMATION SHOWED THAT THE IMPACT OF MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICY ON GINI INDEX IS NEGATIVE IN THE TWO GROUPS OF COUNTRIES.

THE AIM OF THIS STUDY IS TO EXPLAIN AND IDENTIFY THE ROLE OF SOCIAL CAPITAL IN STRATEGIC KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT MATURITY IN NATIONAL IRANIAN DRILLING COMPANY USING STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING APPROACH. THE RESEARCH IS APPLIED OBJECTIVELY AND IN TERMS OF HOW PROCESSED DATA AND ACHIEVE RESULTS IS DESCRIPTIVE-CORRELATION. THE POPULATION CONSISTED OF 700 EMPLOYEES OF THE NATIONAL IRANIAN DRILLING COMPANY. IN THIS STUDY, SAMPLING METHOD IS AVAILABLE SAMPLING AND THEORETICAL SATURATION THAT USING COCHRAN FORMULA, THE SAMPLE SIZE WAS ESTIMATED AT NEARLY 153 PEOPLE. IN ORDER TO COLLECT THE DATA REQUIRED, DOCUMENT AND LIBRARY RESOURCES AND FIELD RESEARCH WAS USED TO ENJOYING THE COMMENTS OF POPULATION, THEREFORE, THE TOOL OF DATA COLLECTION IS QUESTIONNAIRE. IN THIS PAPER, TWO QUESTIONNAIRES OF SOCIAL CAPITAL AND STRATEGIC KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT MATURITY BASED ON METEOR MODEL WERE USED. SINCE, THE CRONBACH'S ALPHA FOR VARIABLE OF SOCIAL CAPITAL (0.78) AND STRATEGIC KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT MATURITY (0.79) WAS HIGHER THAN 0.7, INDICATING INTERNAL CONSISTENCY OF ITEMS AND APPROVING RELIABILITY OF QUESTIONNAIRES. TO INVESTIGATE THE HYPOTHESES, REGRESSION AND SPSS SOFTWARE ARE USED AND FOR STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODEL, LISREL SOFTWARE IS USED. THE RESULTS SHOW THAT THE MODEL PROPOSED IN THIS STUDY IS APPROVED AND HAS GOOD FITNESS, BECAUSE THE AMOUNT OF X2 AND RMSEA IS LOW AND THE AMOUNT OF GFI AND ITS AGFI WITH AMOUNTS OF 0.89 AND 0.87, RESPECTIVELY, IS CLOSE TO THE ONE THAT SHOWS THE APPROPRIATENESS OF THE MODEL. ALSO, ALL HYPOTHESES ARE SIGNIFICANT.

IN DEVELOPING AGES THERE IS RELATIVELY LARGE GAP BETWEEN THE IDENTIFYING THE IMPORTANCE OF COMPETITIVE FACTORS AND ITS IMPACT ON COMPANIES SUCCESS, THAT IS ONE OF THE CRUCIAL IMPORTANCE IN EVERY COUNTRIES MARKET. IN THIS REGARD THE AIM OF THIS STUDY IS TO CATEGORIZE THE COMPETITIVE FACTOR DUE TO THEIR IMPORTANCE FOR PRESENT AN EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES BY CONSIDERING MICHAEL PORTERS FIVE FORCES MODEL WHICH IS ONE OF THE WELL KNOWN THEORIES IN MANAGEMENT, TO DO SO, WE DISTRIBUTE 127 QUESTIONNAIRES OUT OF 200 STATISTIC BY USING MORGAN TABLE TO TOP MANAGER AND ASSISTANT OF HAMEDAN FOOD INDUSTRIES. IN ADDITION IN FIRST STAGE THE ALPHA AND, KOLMOGOROV_SMIMOV TEST WERE BEEN USED, FOLLOWING THE T_TEST AND FRIEDMAN_TEST WERE BEEN USED FOR ANALYZING THE HYPOTHESIS AND CLASSIFYING THE COMPETITIVE FACTORS, AND IN THE FINAL STAGES OUR RESULT OF MAIN ALTERNATIVES REVEAL THAT TREAT OF NEW ENTRANCE HAVE THE HIGHEST RATING IN FRIEDMAN AND IT’S THE MOST IMPORTANT ORGANIZATION TREAT BETWEEN THOSE FIVE FACTORS WITH HIGHEST AMOUNT OF FRIEDMAN TEST.

THE APPEARANCE OF ICTS HAS CHANGED THE NATURE OF MODERN SOCIETY. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES CONCERNING THE APPLICATION OF ICTS IN MODERN BANKS AND OTHER INSTITUTIONS ASSUME GREAT SIGNIFICANCE IN IRAN AND OTHER DEVELOPING COUNTRY. THE EMPIRICAL STUDY REVEALS VERY INTERESTING FINDINGS SUCH AS ACTIVE ASSOCIATION OF BANKING PERSONNEL WITH ICTS AND WIDER UTILIZATION OF ICTS IN THE BANKS. THE STUDY CLEARLY ESTABLISHED THAT ICTS ARE PERSONALLY, PROFESSIONALLY, ORGANIZATIONALLY AND SOCIALLY BENEFICIARY TO A GREAT EXTENT IN BANKS. BUT ICTS ARE NOT PROMOTING PERSONAL MANAGEMENT AND HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT IN BANKS IN VIEW OF THEIR BUILT-IN LIMITATIONS, ACCORDING TO THE STUDY. IN RETROSPECT, THE STUDY ENVISAGES THE SUBTLE EXCISING OF ICTS THAT ENFORCE CHANGES IN THE KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS AND PERFORMANCE AND BANKING PERSONAL IN IRAN. THE TEMPORAL DRAWBACKS OF ICTS ALSO ENVISAGE FUTURE INVESTIGATION AT A DIFFERENT TIME PERIODS AND SCALES THEREBY THE IMPACT OF ICTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF BANKING SERVICES IN IRAN. THE RESEARCH SUGGEST THE GOVERNMENT OF IRAN, MODERN BANKS AND RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION TO DEVELOP INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES AND EVALUATE THE INTERNAL FACTORS (PERSONNEL, FUNDING, MANAGEMENT ETC.) AND EXTERNAL FACTORS (CULTURAL OF TECHNOLOGY, SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT, GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION, NEEDS FOR CUSTOMERS ETC.) IN ORDER TO EVOLVE SUITABLE INTERVENTION STRATEGIES FOR THE SUCCESSFUL APPLICATION OF ICTS IN THE PROCESS OF MANAGEMENT.

THE EVALUATION OF THE EMPLOYEE'S CAPACITY AND ABILITY TO WORK AND THEIR QUALIFICATION IS VERY DIFFICULT AND PEOPLE COULDN' T DO IT PERFECTLY AND ABSOLUTELY. BECAUSE HUMAN HASN' T REACHED YET TO THE TOOLS THAT COULD MEASURE THE POTENTIAL AND EVEN REALLY HUMAN ABILITIES ACCURATELY. ESPECIALLY IN THE MANY CASES, THE EVALUATOR IS A PERSON COULD DO NOT JUSTICE CONSCIOUSLY OR UNCONSCIOUSLY INFLUENCED THE THOUGHTS, DISCOMFORTS, PREJUDICES, EMOTIONS AND FEELINGS AND FOR THIS REASON CLAIMED THAT IF WE COULDN' T EVALUATE THE OTHERS JUSTLY, IT IS BETTER TO AVOID. THIS IS A DESCRIPTIVE- FUNCTIONAL STUDY. TWO QUESTIONNAIRES WERE USED FOR DATA GATHERING THAT INCLUDE ONE QUESTIONNAIRE ABOUT THE PATHOLOGY OF THE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION SYSTEM MADE BY RESEARCHER AND ONE QUESTIONNAIRE ABOUT THE FEASIBILITY OF IMPLEMENTING PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT BASED ON THE BALDRIGE MODEL THAT IS STANDARD. STATISTICAL SOCIETY SIZE CONSIDERED 1500 PERSONS. THE RESEARCH STATISTIC SOCIETY INCLUDES THE EMPLOYEES AND MANAGERS OF THE IRANIAN OIL PIPELINE AND TELECOMMUNICATION COMPANY. THE SAMPLE SIZE BY COCHRAN FORMULA IS 306 PERSONS. FINALLY, WE DENIED THE ASSUMING EQUIVALENT OF THE REGRESSION COEFFICIENT IN THE 0.O5 ERROR LEVEL FOR THE PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT HYPOTHESIS AND CONCLUDED THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ALL COMPONENTS AND THE PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT. THUS ALL OF THE SIX EXAMINED HYPOTHESES WERE CONFIRMED. THEREFORE WE CAN CONCLUDE THE PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT HAS A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON THE OIL PIPELINE AND TELECOMMUNICATION COMPANY AND THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT RELATIONSHIP ON THE 0.05 ERROR LEVEL BETWEEN CONSIDERED VARIABLES AND PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT. ALSO, WE DENIED THE EXISTENCE OF THE SIGNIFICANT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PATHS OF THE EVALUATOR AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION STANDARD VARIABLES (0.196 AND 0.682) AND JOB ASSESSMENT ON THE 0.05 ERROR LEVEL WITH CONSIDERING OF THE PROBABILITIES MORE THAN 0.05. THUS THE 8 AND 9 HYPOTHESES WERE DENIED AND THE OTHER HYPOTHESES WERE CONFIRMED.

THE PRESENT RESEARCH EVALUATES IMPACTS OF BANKS GRANTED FACILITIES ON PRODUCTION OF INDUSTRIAL SECTOR IN IRAN. THE BANKING SYSTEM AS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT AND MOST BASIC SECTORS OF THE ECONOMY PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN FORM OF FINANCIAL MARKETS IN ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES. ONE OF THE FACTORS AFFECTING ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF ANY SOCIETY IS TO ORGANIZING BANKS AND FINANCIAL MARKETS IN ORDER TO INCREASE COMPETITIVENESS OF BANKS AND CAPITAL MARKETS EXTENSION AND ATTRACT LIQUIDITY AND ITS ALLOCATION TO PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES AND ALLOWING OPPORTUNITIES FOR PUBLIC PARTICIPATION. AS THE MOST IMPORTANT AND THE MAIN PART OF THE MONEY MARKET IN IRAN ECONOMY, BANK MANAGEMENT PROVISION OF LIQUIDITY AND REDIRECT IT TOWARDS PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES HAVE THE PRODUCTION AND INVESTMENT, SO THAT THE BULK OF LIQUIDITY BY BANKING SYSTEM FOR INVESTMENT SHOULD BE DIRECTED AND MANAGED IN DIFFERENT ECONOMIC SECTORS. RESEARCH WAS CONDUCTED BY ECONOMETRIC TESTS USING DIFFERENT METHODS AND MODELS TO ASSESS THE IMPACT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN THE INDUSTRIAL SECTOR BANK FACILITIES IN IRAN. TO EVALUATE THE APPROVAL OR REJECTION OF THE HYPOTHESIS ARDL MODEL WAS USED. RESEARCH VARIABLES ARE AS SEASONAL AND IN INTERVAL "THE FIRST QUARTER 1997 TO FOURTH QUARTER 2013" AND AS TIME SERIES IN IRAN. THE RESULT OF THE STUDY (ARDL MODEL, THE RESULT OF DYNAMIC ESTIMATION MODEL) IN THE FOURTH QUARTER REFLECTS A SIGNIFICANT POSITIVE IMPACT OF FACILITIES GRANTED BY BANKS ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN THE INDUSTRIAL SECTOR IN IRAN. AFTER MODEL ESTIMATION, VECTOR ERROR CORRECTION MODEL WAS USED TO ESTIMATE THE MODEL, IN THIS EQUATION ECM (-1) WHICH IS SIGNIFICANT AND NEGATIVE AND THIS DEMONSTRATES THAT IN EVERY PERIOD 0.31 PERCENT OF FLUCTUATIONS IN THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR GROWTH COMPARED TO THE PREVIOUS PERIOD ARE ADJUSTED. ALSO, LONG-TERM RELATIONSHIPS TEST WAS USED TO EXAMINE THE LONG-TERM RELATIONSHIP VARIABLES ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN THE INDUSTRIAL SECTOR IN IRAN. THE RESULT OF LONG-TERM ESTIMATES SUGGEST THAT IN THE LONG TERM, IMPACT OF BANK FACILITIES ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN INDUSTRY IS POSITIVE AND SIGNIFICANT.

THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY IS TO, INVESTIGATE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF MULTIPLE DIRECTORSHIPS.THE ISSUE OF THE MULTIPLE DIRECTORSHIPS ATTRACTED THE ATTENTION OF RESEARCHERS AND PRACTITIONERS. A LARGE LITERATURE FOCUSED ON THE CONCEPT OF MULTIPLE DIRECTORSHIP BY DIRECTORS AND ITS RELATIONSHIPS WITH INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FIRM. THERE IS A GLOBAL DEBATE ON WHETHER APPOINTING DIRECTORS WHO ALREADY HOLD DIRECTORSHIPS IN OTHER COMPANIES IS A GOOD OR BAD ON FIRM PERFORMANCE. IN THIS STUDY WE COLLECTED THE LITERATURE ABOUT THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF MULTIPLE DIRECTORSHIPS AND COMPARED THEM.

RECENTLY, MANY COUNTRIES, INCLUDING IRAN HAVE EXPERIENCED MONETARY AND BANKING CRISES AND EXCHANGE RATE SHOCKS MANIFESTED AS BANK CAPITAL EROSION AND A REDUCTION IN BANK LENDING. BANKS CREDITS AND LENDING MAY PLAY GREAT SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN ECONOMIC BOOM. SO IT IS WORTHY TO NOTE THAT THE BEHAVIOR OF BANK LENDING TO THE ECONOMY IS VERY IMPORTANT AND POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FACTORS ON BANK LENDING RATES SHOULD BE CONSIDERED. THIS PAPER EXAMINES THE IMPACT OF DEVIATIONS OF REAL EXCHANGE RATE FROM THE EQUILIBRIUM AND ON BANK LENDING RATES USING VECTOR REGRESSION MODEL. THE RESEARCH PERIOD WAS FROM 2003 TO 2013 IN QUARTER MANNER. THE RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH MODEL ESTIMATES REFLECTS THE FACT THAT DEVIATION OF REAL EXCHANGE RATE HAD A NEGATIVE IMPACT ON PARSIAN BANK LENDING RATES.

IN TODAY’S COMPLEX MARKETS, ALL INDUSTRIES ARE FACED WITH RISKS THAT IF DON’T PAY ATTENTION THEM, THEY WILL FACE TO DIRE CONSEQUENCES. THE BANK AS INSTITUTIONS OF FUNDS INTERMEDIARY ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR COLLECTING OF SOCIETY LIQUIDITY SURPLUS AND LEAD THEM AS FUNDS ALLOCATED TO ECONOMIC UNITS THAT THEY ARE NEEDY OF LIQUIDITY.ONE OF THE IMPORTANT FACTORS IN THE HEALTH OF SOCIETY ECONOMY IS REGULAR AND ACCURATE OPERATION OF CIRCLE OF CIRCULATION OF MONEY BETWEEN BANK AND CREDIT CUSTOMER BECAUSE IF THE CUSTOMERS KEEP THE FUNDS, THE CIRCLE OF MONEY CIRCULATION WILL BE DIMINISHED AND WILL BE LACK OF APPROPRIATE RETURN IN ACTION. THE BANKS AS THE MAIN PART OF FINANCIAL SYSTEM PLAY MAIN ROLE IN FINANCING OF PRODUCTIVE SECTORS AND BUSINESS AND CUSTOMER. IN IRAN DUE TO STRUCTURES OF FINANCIAL AND ECONOMY AND UNDERDEVELOPMENT OF CAPITAL MARKET, THE BANKS MORE OFTEN OPERATE FINANCING IN ECONOMIC SECTORS. THE BANKS ARE FACING TO VARIOUS RISKS SUCH AS LIQUIDITY RISK, CREDIT, TRADE, FINANCE, INABILITY TO PAY, EXCHANGE RATES, INTEREST RATE, INFLATION AND … THAT CREDIT RISK IS VERY IMPORTANT AND HAS SPECIAL PLACE AMONG THEM.THIS PAPER EXAMINED RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ISLAMIC CONTRACTS AND SPECIAL VARIABLES OF BANKING, IN THIS STUDY USING (VAR) METHOD THAT EXAMINED RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CREDIT RISK OF ISLAMIC CONTRACTS AND BANKING SPECIAL VARIABLES (THE CASE OF SADERAT BANK).ACCORDING TO OBTAINED RESULTS FOR VARIABLE OF CREDIT RISK, INFLUENCE OF THESE VARIABLES ON THE RATIO OF TOTAL LOANS TO TOTAL ASSETS IS NEGATIVE AND STATISTICALLY IS SIGNIFICANT.

THE MAIN PURPOSE OF THIS RESEARCH IS INVESTIGATING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AUDIT REPUTATION AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS IN COMPANIES LISTED IN TEHRAN STOCK EXCHANGE. AUDIT INSTITUTE SIZE IS USED AS AUDIT REPUTATION INDEX AND SO THAT ITS INFLUENCE ON THE VOLUME OF RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS IS INVESTIGATED. RESEARCH STATISTICAL POPULATION INCLUDES THE COMPANIES LISTED IN TEHRAN STOCK EXCHANGE DURING 2008 TO 2012. SAMPLE SIZE WAS SPECIFIED AS 128 COMPANIES CONSIDERING SCREENING METHOD FOLLOWING ELIMINATION OF OUTLIER OBSERVATIONS. IN THIS RESEARCH, DATA FUSION AND PANEL DATA WITH FIXED EFFECTS WERE USED. RESULTS OBTAINED FROM DATA ANALYSIS USING MULTIVARIATE REGRESSION AT CONFIDENCE LEVEL 95 PERCENT INDICATE AUDIT REPUTATION HAS INVERSE INFLUENCE ON RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS.

IN THIS RESEARCH THE EMPIRICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OUTPUT GROWTH AND OUTPUT GROWTH UNCERTAINTY HAS BEEN EXAMINED FOR TURKEY BY USING QUARTERLY DATA OVER THE PERIOD 1960 – 2015. THE ECONOMETRIC METHODOLOGY EMPLOYS GARCH MODELS AND FULL INFORMATION MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD (FIML) METHOD AND PROXIES OUTPUT UNCERTAINTY BY THE CONDITIONAL VARIANCE OF SHOCKS TO OUTPUT GROWTH. THE RESULTS IS IN LINE WITH IMBS (2002) AND SIMPSON’S FALLACY PHENOMENON IS ACCEPTED.

THE EFFECT OF TAX ON ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IS AN IMPORTANT ISSUE IN PUBLIC FINANCE. THE FACT THAT THE EXISTING SYSTEM MAY DECREASE THE INVESTMENT MOTIVATION AND CONSEQUENTLY DECREASE THE FUTURE LIFE STYLE, IS A GREAT CRISES. IN ADDITION TO, THE EFFECTS OF TAX SYSTEM ON CAPITAL FORMATION, IT CAN AFFECT FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH.IN THIS PAPER, BY SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS SYSTEM IN GMM METHOD, THE IMPACT OF CAPITAL GAIN TAX ON THE CAPITAL FORMATION AND FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN SELECTED EUROPE UNION COUNTRIES (AUSTRIA, BELGIUM, CZECH REPUBLIC, DENMARK, ESTONIA, FINLAND, FRANCE, GERMANY, GREECE, IRELANDS, ITALY, NETHERLANDS, SPAIN AND SWEDEN), WILL BE STUDIED IN PANEL FORM. THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT THE CAPITAL GAIN TAX GROWTH RATE, WITH ONE LAG, INCREASES THE PHYSICAL CAPITAL FORMATION GROWTH RATE. ALSO, CAPITAL GAIN TAX GROWTH RATE, WITH ONE LAG, DECREASES THE FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT GROWTH AND INCREASES THE ECONOMIC GROWTH RATE.

THE CONCEPT OF ECO-LABELLING HAS BEEN WIDELY DISCUSSED IN LITERATURE. DIFFERENT STUDIES HAVE USED DIFFERENT THEORIES TO EXPLAIN BEHAVIOURAL INTENTION TOWARDS THE CONSUMPTION OF ECO-LABELLED PRODUCTS. HOWEVER, TO DATE THERE HAS BEEN A FEW STUDIES WHICH REVIEW RECENT STUDIES. THIS PAPER REVIEWS RESEARCHES ON ECO-LABELLED PRODUCTS. THIS PAPER HIGHLIGHTED THAT MOST OF THE RESEARCHES ON ECO-LABELLED PRODUCTS USED THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR. ONLY FEW STUDIES USED OTHER THEORIES SUCH AS SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY. IT IDENTIFIES VARIOUS VARIABLES WHICH HAVE BEEN EXAMINED IN THEIR STUDIES. THIS PAPER HELPS TO DEVELOP NEW INSIGHTS OF RESEARCHES ON ECO-LABELLED PRODUCTS AND IDENTIFIES GAPS IN THIS ARE WHICH CAN BE USED TO IMPROVE AND PROMOTE THE MARKET FOR ORGANIC PRODUCTS.

IN ALL SOCIETIES ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IS AN OUTCOME OF PRODUCTION. THE INCREASE IN PRODUCTION BOTH QUANTITATIVELY AND QUALITATIVELY MEANS ECONOMIC GROWTH AND IMPROVEMENT OF THE ECONOMIC STATUS. THEREFORE, SPECIAL AND URGENT ATTENTIONS SHOULD BE PAID TO PRODUCTION. INCREASED PRODUCTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN EVERY SOCIETY MEANS CREATING MORE OPPORTUNITIES AND BETTER ECONOMIC PROSPERITY AND ENTRY INTO NEW AREAS, IN TURN PAVES THE WAY TO MORE CREATIVITY IN THE COMMUNITY. ONE OF THE MAIN ISSUES FOR DEVELOPING OIL EXPORTING COUNTRIES ESPECIALLY IRAN'S IS TO FUND DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS AND THEIR DEVELOPMENT THROUGH OIL REVENUES AND MOST OFTEN, IN MANY OF THESE COUNTRIES THE OIL SECTOR COMPARED TO OTHER SECTORS, HAS HIGHER VALUE ADDED IN GDP. BUT A GLANCE ON OIL-RELATED ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS IN PAST EVENTS INDICATES THAT SHARP INCREASE IN OIL REVENUES, WHILE SEEN AS A NATURAL WEALTH BUT AT THE SAME TIME SERVED AS AN ECONOMIC DISASTER. THEREFORE, IN RESPECT TO DISCUSSIONS, THE RESEARCH QUESTION IN THIS STUDY GIVEN DECLINE IN OIL PRICES IN RECENT YEARS COUPLED WITH SANCTIONS ISSUES THAT NECESSITATES MORE PRODUCTION AND INVESTMENT PROTECTION IN PRIVATE SECTOR, IS WHETHER DEPENDENCE ON OIL REVENUES CAN BE REDUCED BY STRENGTHENING THE PRIVATE SECTOR AND INCREASED PRODUCTION AND RELIANCE ON DOMESTIC LABOR UNDER RESISTANCE ECONOMY? AND WHICH APPROACH SHOULD BE ADOPTED TO REPLACE OIL REVENUES TO INCREASE PRODUCTION. FOR THIS, ANNUAL TIME SERIES DATA 1972-2014 AND ERROR CORRECTION FACTOR WAS USED. THE MODEL ESTIMATION RESULTS INDICATE THAT THERE IS A NEGATIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE RATIO OF PRIVATE INVESTMENT TO TOTAL PUBLIC INVESTMENT, PRIVATE INVESTMENT AND THE RATIO OF EXPORTS TO IMPORTS AS GDP PREREQUISITES. TAKING THE SIGNS OF VARIABLES GDP TO GDP RATIO ALSO AS RELYING ON DOMESTIC LABOR AS WELL AS LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, AN EMPHASIS ON THE LONG-TERM LABOR IT CAN BE CONCLUDED THAT RELIANCE ON THE EDUCATED WORK FORCE IN TERMS OF SANCTIONS AND RESISTANCE ECONOMY MAY HELPED TO INCREASE THE COUNTRY'S GDP.

BANKING INDUSTRY, PARTICULARLY IN THE SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED BANKING SEGMENTS, HAS GROWN TO A FULL-SCALE COMPETITIVE BUSINESS ALL AROUND THE WORLD. CONSIDERING THE FACT THAT THE MAIN PRODUCTS ACTUALLY OFFERED TO CUSTOMERS ARE BASICALLY THE SAME IN ALL BANKS, THERE IS AN INEVITABLY STRONG NEED FOR DIFFERENTIATION FROM THE RIVALS. ONE WAY TO ACHIEVE THIS IS MAINTAINING A LONG-TERM RELATIONSHIP WITH KEY CUSTOMERS AND PROFITING FROM THE CREATED TRUST IN THEM (HOFFMAN AND O’NEIL, 2013: 183). IN THIS APPLIED RESEARCH, CONDUCTED AS A SURVEY, AN INQUIRY WAS MADE INTO THE DETERMINANTS OF THE CUSTOMER TRUST IN THE BANK, IN WHICH THE VIEWS OF 104 KEY CUSTOMERS OF BANK PASARGAD ON THE MAJOR FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THEIR CONFIDENCE IN THE BANK WERE COLLECTED. NEXT, BASED ON THE COLLECTED DATA, USING EXPLORATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS (EFA), THE MODEL OF THE FACTORS ASSOCIATED TO ENHANCEMENT OF TRUST IN THE BANK’S KEY CUSTOMERS WAS SET UP.THE DATA FACTOR ANALYSIS RESULTED IN IDENTIFICATION AND PRIORITIZATION OF 10 FACTORS, NAMELY PROVIDING USEFUL ADVICES, EMPLOYEES, AS THE ORGANIZATION, PROVIDING SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICES, ORGANIZATION’S IMAGE IN THE MIND OF CUSTOMERS, PREPARATION TO RESPOND CUSTOMERS, TECHNOLOGIES AND PROCESSES USED IN ORGANIZATION, CUSTOMER PRIOR EXPERIENCES, ESTABLISHING INTIMATE RELATIONSHIP WITH CUSTOMERS, FLEXIBILITY IN SERVICE DELIVERY, AND COMPLAINT HANDLING.

REPORTEDLY FERTILITY RATE HAS SIGNIFICANTLY DECLINED IN MANY PARTS OF IRAN SINCE EARLY 2000S. THIS PAPER STUDIES THE COVARIATES OF FERTILITY LEVELS AND FERTILITY DECLINE, USING PANEL DATA OF THE 30 IRANIAN PROVINCES IN 2001 AND 2006. THE DATA WERE DERIVED FROM THE CONSENSUS DATABANK AND WERE SEPARATELY ANALYZED FOR RURAL AND URBAN AREAS. THE EFFECT OF EDUCATION OF WOMEN AND MEN, URBANIZATION, SON PREFERENCE, ACCESS TO POTABLE WATER AND MORTALITY AMONG CHILDREN UNDER FIVE WITH THE ORIGINAL VARIABLE "FERTILITY" WAS INVESTIGATED.WE FOUND THAT EDUCATION OF WOMEN WAS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR EXPLAINING FERTILITY DIFFERENCES ACROSS THE COUNTRY AND OVER TIME. THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY IN URBAN AREA INDICATE A SIGNIFICANT NEGATIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE LEVEL OF FERTILITY AND AVERAGE EDUCATIONAL LEVEL OF WOMEN. IN THE RURAL AREAS, THE DATA INDICATE A SIGNIFICANT NEGATIVE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE LEVEL OF WOMEN'S EDUCATION AND SON PREFERENCE FACTOR WITH FERTILITY.ASIDE FROM THE INTRINSIC IMPORTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING THESE PATTERNS OF FERTILITY DECLINE, THE DIVERSITY OF THE IRAN EXPERIENCE IS A VALUABLE OPPORTUNITY TO REEXAMINE VARIOUS INTERPRETATIONS OF THE FERTILITY TRANSITION. OVER TIME, THE FOCUS SHIFTED FROM ECONOMIC GROWTH TO ‘SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT’, WITH THE LATTER CALLING FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH TO BE SUPPLEMENTED WITH DIRECT ACTION IN FIELDS SUCH AS PUBLIC HEALTH, ELEMENTARY EDUCATION AND SOCIAL SECURITY.FERTILITY IS OFTEN HIGHER IN POORER FAMILIES WITHIN A SOCIETY, AND ACROSS COUNTRIES THOSE WITH HIGHER AVERAGE FERTILITY TEND TO HAVE LOWER AVERAGE INCOME. DO THESE ASSOCIATIONS IMPLY THAT HIGH FERTILITY CAUSES POVERTY AMONG FAMILY MEMBERS, OR THAT POVERTY CONTRIBUTES TO HIGHER FERTILITY, OR BOTH.