Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science
Year:2018 | Volume:49 | Issue:2 |Papers Count:20

In order to study the effect of intercropping and sole cropping of barley (Abidar cultivar) with broad leaf vetch (Line 2561) under conditions of used compost on yield of dry forage and utility indices, this experiment in cropping years 2014-15 and 2015-16 was conducted with four levels of compost (control, 20, 40 and 60 ton. ha-1) and five levels of complementary components of intercropping, 100: 0 (sole cropping of broad leaf vetch), 40: 100 (broad leaf vetch: barley), 70: 100, 100: 100 and 0: 100 (sole cropping of barley) in additive series intercropping in dry land conditions of khorramabad in the college of Agriculture of Lorestan University in the form of factorial in RCBD with three replicates. Results showed that biomass produced in the interaction control×100: 40 (broad leaf vetch: barley) in the first and second years, was equal to 5. 03 and 5. 28 ton. ha-1 and the second year was 4. 77 percent lead. The results showed that by increasing the use of compost (40 and 60 ton. ha-1) and broad leaf vetch seed ratio (100: 100), Total Land Equivalent Ratio (TLER) to 2 and even more than it does the desire, Area Time Land Equivalent Ratio (ATER), in all interactions of year×compost×intercropping, was more than 1 (ATER> 1). The max of Land Use Efficiency (LUE) of barley was obtained in the seed ratio of 100: 100 and at all levels of the compost and the lowest The E in the first and second year was belonged to the interaction of control×40: 100 that was equal to 1. 25 and 1. 26, respectively.

In a condition where water scarcity threatens the production of crops, any wasteful water growth Behavior, is undesirable. The aim of this study was to determine optimum leaf area by which a balanced source sink-ratio under water limiting condition can be obtained. A split plot experiment based on RCBD with three replications was employed at research farm of university college of Agriculture and Natural Resources. University of Tehran, Karaj, during 2014-2015. Two moisture regimes (normal and moderate water stress) and four defoliation treatments were chosen as main and sub plot resp. There was no interaction between moisture regimes and defoliation treatments in terms of grain yield and number. Spike yield and grain number per spike also were not affected by moderate water stress. Defoliation, however, affected spike yield; the reduction in grain weight of middle part of the spike being less affected comparing with upper and lower parts. Grain number was not affected by any defoliation treatments. Water stress, generally increased remobilization of stem soluble carbohydrate reserves. However, there was an interaction between defoliation and water regimes with this regards. While the highest value of remobilization under moisture stress condition was observed in both non and full defoliation treatments, under optimum moisture condition, the highest value was obtained from partial defoliation at early grain filling stage.

This research was conducted to determine the effects of 24-epibrassinolide and zinc oxide nano-particles (ZnO-NPs) on the salinity tolerance capability of canola seedling. In this regard, a factorial potting experiment was carried out based on randomized complete block design with three replications in year 2015. The experimental factors included foliar spray of ZnO-NPs (0, 500 and 1000 ppm), 24-epibrassinolide (0, 15 and 30 mg. ha-1) and salinity stress levels (0, 50 and 100 mM NaCl). According to results, salt stress caused to increase of malondialdehyde and considerable decrease of seedling dry weight and leaf area, membrane stability, quantum yield of photosystem II(Fv/Fm) and catalase and peroxidase activity. Co-application of 24-epibrassinolide and ZnO-NPs alleviated the salt stress mediated oxidative damage. Such that with promotion of antioxidant system, the malondialdehyde content was decreased and in contrast, the parameters of dry matter and leaf area, relative water content, membrane stability and Fv/Fm were increased. On the other hand, negative impact of ZnO-NPs at 1000 ppm on dry matter production and membrane stability was observed. According to results, it seems that co-application of 30 mg. ha-1 EBL with 500 ppm ZnO-NPs) had the best result in order to ameliorate the deleterious impacts of salinity stress.

In order to study the effects of manure and phosphate solubilizing biofertilizer on growth, yield and essential oil quality of dragonhead, an experiment was conducted as factorial experiment include manure (0, 10 and 20 ton/ha) and biosuperphosphat biofertilizer (non-inoculated and inoculated seeds), in the base of randomized complete blocks design with three replications at research field of Agriculture Company of Ran in Firouzkuh of Iran in 2015. The results showed that the highest dry weight of plant (7. 83 g) and essential oil yield (9. 11 kg/ha) were obtained in application of 20 t/ha manure. Biosuperphosphat biofertilizer showed significant effects on studied traits, as the highest flowering shoot No. /plant (7. 5), dry weight of plant (6. 65 g), essential oil yield (8. 81 kg/ha) and geraniol percent (6. 01%) and linalool percent (0. 93%) in essential oil in treatment of application of biosuperphosphat (inoculated seeds) were obtained. Also, the intractions effect of factors on yield of flowering shoot, essential oil content and geranyl acetate percent in essential oil were significant, as the highest yield of flowering shoot (3075. 0 kg/ha) in treatment of 20 t/ha manure and without application of biosuperphosphat and the maximum essential oil content (0. 366%) in treatment of 10 t/ha manure and application of biosuperphosphat and the highest geranyl acetate percent in essential oil (27. 99%) in treatment of 20 t/ha manure and application of biosuperphosphat were obtained. Generally, the highest flowering shoot and essential oil yields with application of manure and biosuperphosphat the highest essential oil quality with biosuperphosphat application were obtained.

Barley is a major crop and the fourth most important cereal in the world. Genetic diversity is a basic component in breeding programs and is crucial for successful barley improvement. SNPs are a good marker type to study diversity. SNPs represent the most abundant source of genetic variation within the genome and are linked to heritable differences between individuals. In this study we used diverse collection of 100 winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ) to assess genetic diversity and population structure. Population was genotyped using 3964 SNPs with minor allele frequencies (MAFs) more than 10 percent. PIC was ranged from 0. 19 to 0. 5 in the whole panel and it was more than 0. 25 for 3352 markers. The average of PIC was varied from 0. 37 (2H and 5H chromosomes) to 0. 42 (3H and 7H chromosomes). The maximum value of genetic diversity indices (Nei’ s index and Shannon information index) were on 3H and 7H chromosomes. Strong population structure effect related to ear row number (two-row and six-row) was present in our barley collection. AMOVA analysis and Fst index showed that differentiated regions of genome are correspondence with ear row number loci. Genetic diversity in the first subpopulation (two-row cultivars) was less than that in the second subpopulation (six-row cultivars). In the whole genome, average linkage disequilibrium (LD) was observed to decay at 4cM and in sub populations was more than whole panel. LD decay was more rapid in six-row cultivars compared to two-row. These results indicated considerable genetic variation in winter barley collection and could be used in barley improvement programs.

In order to study the effects of water deficit stress on reduction of quality traits of Vigna Radiata (Parto variety) under iron and manganese nano-chelate foliar application, an experiment was conducted as split-plot management in randomized complete block design with three replications during 2013-2014 in the Research Farm of Agricultural College, Tarbiat Modares University. Experimental treatments in main plots were three levels of Irrigation regime and in subplots were 10 levels of foliar application at withholding irrigation stage. The results showed that water deficit and iron and manganese nano-chelate foliar application were significant for the most of plant traits at 1% probability level. Water deficit stress reduced all of the studied traits except carotenoid pigment content and proline. Also chlorophyll content and carotenoid were increased by foliar application of iron and manganese nano-chelate at both vegetative and reproductive stages. Finally, interaction between two main treatments were significant for the most of the traits at 1% probability level.

Broomrape is an obligate parasite in many economically important crops such as tomato. Success in controlling broomrape is rare hence an understanding of sucrose utilization mechanisms as a critical process for parasite provides developing specific control strategies. This parasite acts as a competitive sink for sucrose, utilizes it in the tuber and converts it to glucose and fructose. Invertases are the major enzymes in sucrose degradation and osmotic adjustment in the parasite. In this paper, the activity of two invertases (PrSAI and PrCWI) involved in different developmental stages of some broomrape species (Phelipanche aegyptiaca, P. ramosa and P. nana) on tomato was studied. Results showed that activity of both mentioned enzymes were detected in all of the developmental stages in the broomrape species; although the PrSAI activity was always higher than the PrCWI activity. The activities of PrSAI and PrCWI was increased and decreased, respectively, as progressing of the developmental stages of broomrape. Enzymes activity and protein and sugar amounts in Egyptian broomrape were high at the early stages and in branched broomrape in the late stages, the first case accorded to the earlier emergence of broomrape on the host and the later one accorded to more shoots and higher biomass in broomrape. In total, results suggested that PrSAI1 and, possibly, PrCWI are suitable targets for gene silencing strategies.

Pulses are among the best sources of plant protein and play a key role in crop rotation but inappropriate storage conditions, especially high moisture content and temperature decrease seed viability and then seed production will reduce. In order to study the effect of storage temperature, seed moisture content and storage duration on longevity of lentil (Lens culinaris) and chickpea (Cicer arientinum) seeds, also quantification of its effects and determination of viability species constants, factorial experiment in completely randomized design with 3 factor and 3 replication in 2014 in Kerman, Iran was done. Factors were storage temperature with 4 levels (5, 19, 33 and 47˚ C), seed moisture content with 3 levels (5, 12 and 19%) and storage duration with 6 levels (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 month). After sampling at the end of each month, standard seed germination test was done according to between paper method in germinator at 25 ˚ C. Conductivity test of exudates from seeds incubated for 24h in water at 20 ˚ C were also has done in 3 replicates. Studied traits were includes germination rate, germination percentage and electrical conductivity of seeds exudates. According to results interaction effects of storage temperature, moisture content and storage duration on percent germination and germination rate were significant (P<0. 5). Lowest viability lost was done in 5˚ C and moisture content of 5% so that germination decrease from 98% to 92% for lentil and from 99% to 98% for chickpea. With storage time spending electrical conductivity increased and its rate was more in higher temperatures. Viability constants were calculated according to seed viability equation. In seed viability equation KE, CH, CW and CQ are species constants which were 4. 2919, 1. 4928, 0. 0244 and 0. 00017 for lentil and 8. 5067, 4. 5238, 0. 0486 and 0. 00028 for chickpea accordingly. It’ s concluded that viability of seeds reduces with increasing in storage temperature and seed moisture content and its rate is much more in higher temperature and moisture levels.

To investigate the effects of planting date (PD) and density (DNS) of B73 maize inbred line on commercial qualities of seeds of KSC704 hybrid maize, a split plot experiment was conducted where five PDs kept in main plots and five DNSs in sub-plots. Results showed that the maximum temperature higher than 34° C during fertilization lead to reduction in seed yield and seed number per plant with an increase in weight ratio of Large-round seeds in favor of flat one. For each degree Celsius increase in maximum temperature during fertilization over 34° C, the proportion of flat seeds (the most desirable size commercially) decreased about 3. 8 percent. When temperature during seed filling dropped below 13° C, the weight ratio of Large-round size decreased in the harvested seed lot. Temperature had not any significant effect on the average seed weight. On the other hand, the germination percentage of seed lots with higher portion of large-round and medium-flat seeds, increased and decreased respectively. The higher DNS changed the weight ratio of Large-round seeds in favorite to Large-flat seeds, in the way that the highest proportion of flat seeds and lowest proportion of off-size seeds produced from 60 and 70 plant per hectare. It concluded that, commercial seed growers may achieve higher portion of flat seeds in KSC704 hybrid maize seed production by planting 6 to 7 each square meter and choosing a PD that pollination is not going to face with temperatures higher than 34° C.

To study the effect of tillage systems and plant densities on yield and yield components of soybean cultivars, a field experiment as split split plot based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD), with three replications was carried out at Research Field of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran in 2014. The main plots were two tillage systems level (conventional and No-till), plant densities (30, 45 and 60 plants per m2), as sub plots and three soybean cultivars (M9, Habbit and L17), were assigned in sub sub-plots. Results showed that tillage system had no effect on studied traits and the maximum pod number, grain number per plant, biological yield and grain yield were obtained from 45 plant per m2. Habbit cultivar under no tillage system showed the highest grain yield that had no significant difference with L17 and M9 cultivars under conventional tillage and M9 under no tillage system. Maximum pod number per plant was obtained under conditional tillage with 45 plant per square meter in L17 cultivar. Different studied cultivars have different actions to kind of tillage systems and this result showed importance of selection of suitable cultivar under different tillage systems.

Fusarium head blight (FHB), which is caused mainly by Fusarium graminearum, is one of the most important diseases of wheat in Iran which reduces wheat yield and quality especially in northern parts of the country. For the purpose of identifying and selecting FHB-resistant genotypes, the reactions of 20 lines of the Elite Regional Wheat Yield Trials from the North warm and humid zone in 1392 (ERWYT-N-1392) were determined to FHB under field conditions in two locations for two years. Results of combined analysis of variance of several datasets including disease incidence, severity, and index and Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDK) from two locations (Gorgan and Moghan) in two years (1393 and 1394) showed significant differences among the genotypes for all datasets. Results of the present investigation showed that five genotypes of N-92-3, N-92-1 (cv. Morvarid), N-92-19, N-92-4, and N-92-9 having the lowest disease incidence, severity and disease index and FDK, and the best means of ranks from these traits were the most resistant lines under field conditions. Low disease incidence and FDK in these genotypes may indicate the presence of type I and type IV resistances, respectively. Based on the results of this research, the experimental lines N-92-3, N-92-19, N-92-4, and N-92-9 may be proposed as candidate lines to replace the older cultivars in this region, if their high yeild and resistance to other diseases is confirmed as well.

Cytogenetically studies were carried out on ten selected populations of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. ) of Lake Regions in Turkey. Root tips meristems obtained from plants of similar age that originated by vegetative reproduction from a single parent from plants grown under greenhouse conditions, were pretreated with saturated solution of 0. 002 M 8-Hydroxiquinolin before staining with aceto-iron-hematoxylin. Karyotype analysis showed that all populations were tetraploid (2n=4x= 32). The chromosomes are small, ranging from 1. 69-5. 92 microns in length. B chromosome and heteromorphic chromosomes were established. Due to these phenomenons, the existences of heterogeneous in alfalfa populations were demonstrated from these locations. On the basis of karyotypic formula, the populations had 2 types of chromosomes (m, sm), categorizing them in 8 different classes. Assessment of karyotype symmetry was carried out, using various parameters e. g. Stebbins and A1 (Intrachromosomal) and A2 (Interchromosomal) connected to Romero-Zarco categories. The populations were classified by intrachromosomal and interchromosomal differences.

In order to identify genomic regions with main, epistatic, and QTL×environment interaction effects for some of the phenological and morphological traits in bread wheat, an experiment with 167 recombinant inbred lines and their parents (‘ SeriM82’ and ‘ Babax’ ) was conducted at Research Farm of the Agricultural Research Station of Sistan in 2015-16 cropping season. The experiment was carried out using two alpha lattice designs with two replications under non-stress and terminal heat stress conditions. Seven traits including days to maturity (DM), grain filling duration (GFD), maximum quantum efficiency of photosystemII (Fv/Fm), cytoplasmic membrane stability (CMS), grains per spike (GPS), grain yield (GY) and thousand grain weight (TGW) were measured. There were significant differences among the genotypes for all studied traits and maximum correlation was observed between GY and Fm/Fv (r = 0. 86**). QTL analysis was conducted by Mixed-Model based composite interval mapping (MCIM) method. A total of 33 main-effect QTLs for studied traits were detected. Phenotypic variances explained by these QTLs varied from 7. 04% for GFD to 19. 41% for TGW. The major Qtgw7D (R2 = 19/41) was identified near the marker of acc/cat-10 and after validation can be used in marker-assisted selection (MAS) in order to produce heat tolerant wheat varieties.

The majority of rapeseed in Iran is produced in South hot-dry and North hot-humid regions making it necessary to improve heat resistant cultivars. In order to identify heat tolerant and susceptible cultivars, nine spring varieties of rapeseed including commercial cultivars and promising lines, were evaluated under normal and heat stress conditions in research field of the University of Tehran in two sets of randomized complete blocks with three replications for two years during 2015-2016. Heat stress applied by a plastic greenhouse at flowering stage equipped with electric heater. The temperature exceeding 25. 1-39. 40C inside the plastic sheet, remarkably different temperature with the open field, significant yield loss of the varieties under stressed condition in both years, illustrated that plastic greenhouse could be effectively used for applying heat stress. Based on grain yield in normal and heat-stressed conditions and tolerance indices, Roodi22, Dalgan and Mahtab were semi-tolerant while Safi5 and DH13 were shown to be the most tolerant and susceptible varieties, respectively which might be considered in production and also breeding programs.

In order to the effectiveness of tank mix application of dual and broadleaf herbicides to control weeds, a field experiment was conducted at the Islamabad research station, Kermanshah, Iran, during 2014-2015. Treatments consisted of the application of (Mesosulfuron-methyl + Idosulfuron – methyl + Mefenpyr diethyl), (2, 4D + MCPA), (Bromoxynil + MCPA) and (Mesosulfuron-methyl + Idosulfuron – methyl + Diflufenican + Mefenpyr diethyl) at different rates and tank mixing together. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Results indicated that tank mix application of (Mesosulfuron-methyl + Idosulfuron – methyl + Mefenpyr diethyl) in combination with(Bromoxynil + MCPA)desirable controlled C. pycnocephalus, G. tricornutum, C. oxycanta and S. arvensisand reduced their density between 74% to 100% compared to control without spraying, while the single treatments controlled these weeds between 40% to 73%. Application of tank mix (Mesosulfuron-methyl + Idosulfuron – methyl + Mefenpyr diethyl) in combination with (Bromoxynil + MCPA)at rates 0. 5 + 1. 25 and 0. 25 + 1. 25 increased wheat grain yield at rates1927 (155%) and 2031 (158%)kg/ha respectively, compared to control without spraying, as well as weight of 1000 grainincreased at rates 44 (198%) and 45 (198%) gr respectively.

In order to study response of yield and some physiological traits of sweet basil under nitrogen fertilizers (biological, chemical and integrated) in additive intercropping a field experiment was carried out in the Experimental Farm Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University during 2014-2015 growing seasons. The treatments were arranged in a factorial split-plot-in time experiment based on Randomized Complete Blocks Design with three replications. Experimental treatments were 100% chemical fertilizer (N), bio-fertilizer (nitroxin), integration of bio-fertilizer + 50% chemical fertilizer and control, different intercropping systems consisted of sole cropping sweet basil and the additive intercropping of corn + 25% sweet basil, corn + 50% sweet basil, corn + 75% sweet basil and corn + 100% sweet basil and three harvest. The results belong to sweet basil showed that integration of bio-fertilizer + 50% chemical fertilizer had the highest fresh and dry yield (7579. 25 and 1303. 83 kg ha-1), plant height (50. 62 cm), chlorophyll a (0. 51 mg g-1 FW), chlorophyll b (0. 36 mg g-1 FW) and total chlorophyll (0. 87 mg g-1 FW). However, integration of bio-fertilizer + 50% chemical fertilizer in terms of mentioned traits except for plant height had no significant difference with 100% chemical fertilizer treatment. Among different intercropping systems, sole cropping pattern in terms of all traits evaluated in this study had the highest amounts. The highest LER (1. 566) belonged to corn + 100% sweet basil with bio-fertilizer.