Annals of Military and Health Sciences Research
Year:2006 | Volume:4 | Issue:3 (SERIAL NUMBER 15)|Papers Count:21

Background: Cephalometry discusses the characteristics on the measures of different soft and hard tissues of the head and face and it is considered an important Para-clinical record for the growth of the index and also for the diagnosis and curing orthodontic matters. Studying the face characteristics is very useful in sciences such as dentistry, medical, forensic and industry. Therefore, the objective of the following research is to study the categorization of the face types of boys between the ages of 18-22 in Tehran on 2005.Materials and methods: This research was done according to the descriptive method by observation, interviewing and measurement. 662 samples of boys between the ages of 18-22 were measured by Cephalometric standards according to the classic method. Samples were healthy and none of them contained any effective diseases. The most important dimensions of the face are its length and width which were measured by Martin Sailer Cephalometer with 0.5 mm accuracy.Results: The face length between the ages of 18-22 was 124 + 9.2 and its width was 138 + 9.1 and the face index was 89.2 + 5.2.Conclusions: According to the resulting dimensions, the face was categorized (vicro cranium) in persons. In all ages the hyperauriprosopic were the rare type and the mesoprosopic were the dominant type.

Background: The purpose of this research is comparison of immediate of effect of Taping technique and Counterforce brace on muscle strength and range of motion of wrist extension and forearm supination of patient's with tennis elbow.Materials and methods: This study is a Quasi experimental. We selected 30 patients (in two groups, each group 15 subject) between 30-55 years and the sampling was nonpropability (sample of convenience).Results: Average difference between two methods in assessment of muscle strength of wrist extension and forearm supination was not significant (p= 0/88) but average difference range of motion of wrist extension in two methods was significant (P=0.02) so, selection of method in treatment is important.Conclusions: there is not difference between two methods on improvement of muscle strength of wrist extension and forearm supination. However, taping technique was more effective than Counterforce brace on range of motion of wrist extension.

Background: Epithelial is an important tissue in our body. The human epithelium forms a barrier between the external and internal environment.Materials and methods: This study was a Lab-Experimental. We were used 4 male albino rabbits in this study. At first, 6x6 cm2 full thickness skin separated of rabbit and cultured in DMEM and FCS 10%.Then 2x1 cm2 skin separated of other rabbit and cut into small pieces and transplanted on the first skin's derm. After 2 weeks, small pieces covered the entire feeder layer and then new skin grafted on the donor rabbits and supported for 2 weeks. Then after, histological studies were done.Results: Histological studies were shown epidermal layer were normal but the number of layers were lower than normal skin. Other findings were thin cornified layer, low skin appendages, absent of sweat gland, regular of collagen fiber in dermal layer and small rete ridge.Conclusions: With this method of cell culture, skin can expand 18 times and a normal skin was obtained.

Background: Tuberculosis is one of the oldest Known diseases with high annual rates of mortality and morbidity around the globe. A better understanding of factors relating to death prognosis in tuberculosis Patients enhances treatment strategies. This study was conducted for the mentioned purpose.Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, all cases and controls where matched by age and sex and selected from patients with a definite or suspected diagnosis of tuberculosis hospitalized in the Massih Daneshvari Hospital, during the year 2002. Data were analyzed using non parametric Measures for qualitative variables, X2 (for qualitative variables (CI, OR), and logestic Regression using wald method.Results: 33 cases were enrolled call passed away; 11 (33%) were female and the rest were male (53±16/5). Half of the deaths occurred in the first six days of hospitalization. 50% of the cases were smokers. 3 (9%) were HIV Positive. In the control group (all alive), Significant differences were found with regard to smoking (P=0.003), PMN count (P=0.001).Conclusions: This study suggested that smoking is an important risk factor for mortality in tuberculosis. Smoker TB Patients died 5.6 frequently than non-Smoker.Lymphocytopenic patients had poor prognosis in comparison with normal Lymphocyte counts.

Background: Vitiligo is a dermatological disorder characterized by destruction of melanocytes and loss of pigmentation. The cause of vitiligo is not known. It has been suggested that immune mechanisms may be involved. In the present study, we evaluate Band T Iymphocyte and subsets in the peripheral blood in vitiligo.Materials and methods: 36 patients suffering from vitiligo disease (23 of patients with active vitiligo and 13 of patients with stable vitiligo) and 22 persons as control were studied respectively for different immunological parameters such as: T Cell (CD2), Bcell (CD19)'T (CD4),T (CD8), CD4/ CD8 ratio in the peripheral blood. The flow cytometry were used for determination of Iymphocyte and subsets.Results: We have shown a decrease of B cell and T(CD8) cell with an increase of CD4/ CD8 ratio in the active vitiligo patients as compared to control. In the stable vitiligo patients, only T(CD8) cell is decreased, (p<0.05). Conclusions: Thus, our data show aberrations for Iymphocyte and subsets in active vitiligo than stable vitiligo. we suggest that immune response, especially cell mediated immunity may play a important role in the pathogenesis of the disease.

Background: In an attempt to achieve the easier and more sensitive faecal examination, in this study the ability of formol- detergent (FD) technique for detection of intestinal parasites was compared with the direct examination and the formalin - ether (FE) sedimentation technique.Methods and Materials: In this cross – sectional (descriptive-analitic) study faecal specimens were collected from 501 people of the Bilaghan and Sarvadar Villages in the vicinity of karaj city and examined by direct, FE and FD technique.Results: Sensitivity of formol- detergent technique in detection of Giardia lamblia cyst, Blastocystis hominis and Hymenolepis nana egg is more than formalin-ether technique, whereas in detection of the other parasite, the sensitivity of FE is more than FD. The sensitivity of FE and FD in detection of parasite obtained by this study is more than direct technique and only about Giardia lamblia cyst, Blastocystis hominis the difference between FE and direct technique is not significant (Confidence interval %95).Conclusions: FD technique offered an advantage over the FE technique for the detection of Giardia lamblia cyst, Blastocystis hominis and Hymenolepis nana egg and this difference was significant (Confidence interval %95).This study privides evidence that FD technique is an important tool for the diagnosis of Giardia lamblia and is suitable for performing under field condition and should be considered in situations where resources are scarce.

Background: Staphylococci is a resistant bacteria which may exist in normal flora of skin, eye, upper respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, urethra and rarely vagina. These species can be the causes of several syndrome such as superficial and deep cutaneous infections, systemic poisoning, and urinary tract infections. In the current survey, we studied the frequency of staphylococcus aureus carriers and compared it between medical and non-medical personnel in Be'saat medical center.Materials and Methods: An analytic cross-sectional study was designed to determine the frequency of nasal cavity and hand carriage of staphylococcus aureus among 253 personnel and compare the index between medical and non-medical staffs. The specimen was provided and cultured in selective media. By bacterial growth and determination of the species using specific diagnostic procedures, results were calculated in both medical and non-medical personnel and compared with chi-square statistical test regarding an alpha level of 0.05 as significant.Results: Of total 253 personnel 65 (25.7%) were nasal carriers of staphylococcus aureus which 35 were medical (23% of 153 medical staffs) and 30 were non-medical (30% of 100 non-medical staffs) personnel. On the other hand, from 10 hand carriers of staphylococcus aureus 6 were medical (3.9%) and 4 were nonmedical (4%) staffs (p>0.05).Conclusions: Due to our findings, in spite of higher frequency of staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage among medical staffs than non-medical personnel, there is not a significant difference between the prevalence. The same finding was obtained in hand carriage of the germ. So the target group of educating for hygiene improvement to decrease the load of colonies is not only the medical staffs (as the most traditional target) but also non-medical staffs (who are usually out of sight).

Background: Suicide is the self naughting. Army suicide has special condition because of catastrophic effect on their family and military environment. This study proceeds the frequency of Suicidal-thinking in NEZAJA personnel in Tehran within 2005-2006.Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was done on 321 conscript & official staff of NEZAJA Garrison. Clustered stratified sampling was done to select the samples. The diagnose of disease based on DSM-IV-TR criteria. At first 3 garrisons were selected and sampling on population proportion of them on verbal interview was done.Results: 15.3% of samples had suicidal thinking and 1.9% of them mention to suicide history. The frequency of suicidal thinking in conscript (19.8%) and who psychiatric disease history (84.2%) was more. There is no significant difference between different education level of military personnel.Conclusions: Suicidal thinking in conscript of NEZAJA Garrison and those having underling psychiatric disease was more. The result of this study was compatible whit previous study.

Background: the erythrocyte parameters are subjects to change through out pregnancy. To differentiate the aforementioned chages with the iron defiency anemia, one is obliged to perform serial blood sampling and erythrocyte parameters tests. The current study was designed to monitor erythrocyte parameter changes during pregnancy.Materials and methods: 350 patients were recruited to a descriptive observational cross sectional study through out their Pregnancy. General data including maternal age, pregnancy age in accordance with the Imp, times of gravidity and delivery, iron and folic acid complementation were assessed. blood sampling and erythrocyte parameters. Assessment was used to qualify the gaind data's meaningfulness. The pvalue was considered equal with 0.05.Results: 308 pateints results were finalized. The mean age was 27.04+/-4 years. Most pregnancy pregnancy cases were in the first time pregnancy subgroup (77.85%) Most delivery cases were nuliparous subgroup (74.16%) The iron and folic acid supplementation were dominant in 95.13% of cases, respectively 2.68% of attendants were smokers, hemogtobin, hematocrite and mchc were decreased with pregnancy progress. In the mean while mcv increases through out pregnancy Mch shows no meaningful changes.Conclusions: the values of hemoglobin and hematocrite decrease through out pregnancy And macrocytic changes occur through out a physiologic and normal pregnancy.

Background: The problem of the undiagnosed and inadequate treatment of mental disorders in people who visit health services has been studied in Iran and some countries. There is not, however, enough information for soldiers. This study investigates the general health status of soldiers who referred to an outpatient clinic for physical problems by use of a self-administered scale.Materials and methods: Three hundred one (301) soldiers serving in the Army, aged 21.49±2.02 years, were examined when they visited an outpatient clinic in Tehran (2006). The 28-item Persian version of the General Health Questionnaire was administered to subjects to determine their mental health status and to examine possible associations with sociodemographic variables.Results: One hundred seventy four out of 301 individuals (57.8%) were classified as GHQ cases. GHQ caseness was statistically associated with physical inactivity, self injury, prison history and time of serving. On the subscale "somatic symptoms" 46.8%, "anxiety and insomnia" 46.5%, "social function" 38.9% and "depression" 62.1% were healthy.Conclusions: A large number of soldiers present undiagnosed psychological problems. Since soldiers are in danger of losing their health due to their situation, some improvements should be done to promote their general health.

Background: This descriptive study was set up to evaluate the incidence of the iron deficiency anemia among the nursing student of army medical university in Tehran 2005.Materials and Methods: A simple & a cluster sample of 113 nursing students were accidentally selected. A data Sheet was devised to record the personal detail and blood biochemistry such as Hb, Iron, Mchc, Mcv. Results: X2 was used to analyzed the results. It was found that there was no significant difference between the iron deficiency anemia & the sex of the army nursing student (p<0.736), there was also no significant difference between dormitory & non dormitory students (p=0.736) & marriage too.Conclusions: This study shows that the fifth of the students suffer from iron deficiency anemia & the third of the students have iron deficiency.

Background: There are several systemic disorders which have adverse effects on periodontal tissue, such as diabetes. Previous studies of non-diabetic patients have demonstrated higher levels of fasting blood sugar (FBS) among those with periodontitis compared to those without periodontitis. In an attempt to clarify whether periodontal diseases incline the patients to a pre-diabetic state or not, we studied the FBS level of non-diabetics with periodontitis and compared the results with those who had no periodontal involvement. Materials and methods: Eighty non-diabetics who referred to the outpatient clinics of dentistry faculty, Azad University, Tehran, during 2003 were evaluated in this case control study. 40 patients with periodontitis constituted the cases, and 40 without any periodontal disease made up the control group. Plaque index, bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth and clinical attachment loss were measured and recorded.FBS was determined for both groups and its levels higher than 126 indicated diabetes, while levels between 110 and 126 were considered as pre-diabetic state. Both descriptive and analytic analyses were applied. P-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Spearman correlation test results indicate a direct relation between FBS and BOP in the control group (r = 0.382, P = 0.015).Conclusions: Our results are in agreement with previous studies in demonstrating the increase in blood glucose levels associated with periodontal tissue inflammation in the chronic periodontitis patients.

Background: Laparoscopic ureterolithotomy is indicated in some large, Impacted stones In this study we evaluate the place of laparoscopic surgery in ureterolithotomy and present laparoscopic assisted transperitoneal TUL to aid this technique.Materials & Methods: In this case - series study we attempted laparoscopic ureterolithotomy in 15 cases in 1.5years from 1383 to 1384. Mean age was 41.2±21 years and male to female ratio was 4/1 all patients treated intraperitonealy. In two patients (one patients had one stone in upper ureter and another in pelvis and in second patient stone pushed to pelvis with manipulation) we needed assisting technique. In this two patients we guided ureteroscope from 5 mm port to ureter and pelvis and stones were captured with basket.Results: 12 stone were in upper ureter; 2 in midureter and 1 patient had two stone in upper ureter and pelvis. Mean stone size was 18±7 mm. In all patients stones were removed successfully. Blood transfusion, conversion to open surgery, fever or urine leakage was not seen. Mean operating time was 98±50 minutes and mean patients hospital stay was 3.8±2.2 days.Conclusions: Laparoscopic ureterolithotomy is a safe and reliable substitute of open surgery and in very hard and big stones can replace it for ESWL and TUL. Laparoscopic assisted TUL aids this technique in difficult situation so we can select a wider range of cases with better treatment results.

Background: In Recent years, general application of laparoscopic surgeries increases due to the improvement of laparoscopic instruments and techniques which in the other hand has its own complications.Case presentation: The case was a 32 year old woman that was candidate for laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. By the initiation of surgeon's work, Etco2 suddenly switches from 37 mmHg 2 to 15 mmHg and made the patient to had progressive bradycardia and consequently cardiac arrest. Cardiac massage immediately initiates and advanced resuscitation continued. Fortunately, the resuscitation process was successful and therapeutic interventions for complete recovery and preventing from neurological defects was continued. Currently, the patient has not have any sensory or movement disorders.Conclusions: Hydrating the patient, good positioning during the operation and complete patient monitoring are the essential principles for preventing such complication.

Background: Multicentric Castleman disease is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder of unknown origin. Castleman disease (CD) also known as angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia, is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder with poorly understood pathophysiology. The multicentric plasma cell variant is highly associated with infection by human herpes virus 8 (HHV8), and patients have an increased risk for the development of other HHV8-associated neoplasms, including Kaposi's sarcoma and extranodal B-cell lymphoma. The authors describe a 50-year-old woman that presented with protracted fever with diagnosis of Multicentric Castleman disease.Case: We report a 50-year-old woman that presented with a 5 months history of protracted fever, night sweating, abdominal pain, dyspnea, loss of appetite and weight loss approximately 5 kg. Physical examination was significant for a febrile (39°c), ill-appearing in mild distress with a distended and diffusely tender abdomen with moderate splenomegaly, pitting edema on lower limbs and disseminated lymphadenopathy. Despite a comprehensive evaluation, her diagnosis remained elusive for several weeks. Eventually, a lymph node biopsy showed the presence of Multicentric Castleman disease. Due to her relatively poor prognosis and severity of the disease, she was treated with combination chemotherapy consisting of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone. She tolerated her therapy well and is currently free of disease at 6 months of follow-up.Conclusions: According to low prevalence of multicentric CD and loss of standard treatment for it and due to the poor prognosis in adults with multicentric CD, the potential for malignancy, we recommend further evaluations (lymph node biopsy) for diagnosis Multicenteric CD in any patients with compatible signs and symptom.

Background: Neutropenia is a condition of absolute neutrophil count of less than 1500/ml. Neutropenia May occur as either acquired or congenital disorder.Case: There neutropenic patients who are reported here have suffered from skin Infections, gengivostomatitis, and lymphadenitits. They have been well between these neutronpenic periods. One of the patients had developed neutropenia after a 3year period of zaditen administration. Another one had cyclic neutropenia and the last patient has been neutropenic from the infancy.

Background: The health system is never as safe worldwide as everybody assumes. In recent years, many studies have been conducted to assess the magnitude of medical errors and its impact on the health system. This article reviews the studies performed in this issue to find out a strategy for approaching medical errors.Materials and methods: In a review literature, Pubmed was searched using these keywords error, medical and health system. In the complementary search, error mechanisms, error classification, reporting system and error reporting systems were also added to the search.Conclusions: medical errors are inevitable mishaps in the health system. Would there be a systematic approach in the health system for analyzing the errors and finding the root causes, the health system would maximize its benefits as much and possible future events with similar mechanism would be prevented.Results: In our health system, it is mandatory to introduce and improve such a system for quality improvement of the system.

Background: Depleted uranium (DU), which is one of the residues of enriched uranium, has military and nonmilitary usage Effects of DU on environment depend on chemical composition of the soil and the rocks. Bullets fallen in the joining part of sand and quartz will erode faster and pollute the superficial waters. This article discusses production and usage of DU and its environmental effects and the means to decontaminate the environment.Methods and materials: This study was a review article. Data and information were collected from libraries and Internet. Search word were, depleted uranium, environmental impact, natural resources in Rose net and google from 1997-2005. Search provided us with 20 full text articles.Results: High percentage (50-96%) of suspended particles of Uranium Oxide that is produced when DU hits the aims is inhale able. Approximately, 52 83% of these particles are insoluble in pulmonary fluids. Particles with the size of 5 micron or lesser can enter the body via air or food. DU particles may contaminate air, water or soil and stay there till it is moved to contaminate other areas.Conclusions: Suggested means to reduce contaminations are annual sampling of water resources, environmental decontamination, public awareness, political support of the involved countries, active participation of the responsible organizations, putting sanction on production of these weapons.