TOLOO-E-BEHDASHT
Year:2014 | Volume:13 | Issue:2 (44)|Papers Count:18

Introduction: Heavy metals with their entry into the food chain and water resources are considered as a serious threat to human health. This study aimed to survey Fe3O4 nanoparticles modified with orange peel efficiency in removal of lead and copper ions from aqueous environments.Methods: This experimental research was implemented during the year 2012 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles were used as adsorbent which were modified with orange peel. Experiments were implemented under batch process by adsorbent (300 mg/L) with changing effective factors such as contact time (20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 150, 200, 250 minutes), pH (3-12), temperature (20, 30, 40, 50o C) and concentration of lead and copper ions (10, 20 mg/L). Kinetic adsorption and thermodynamic parameters were investigated according to the conditions of the theory.Results: The maximum adsorption capacity of lead and copper ions on the adsorbent under optimum condition (contact time= 40 min, pH= 6 and temperature= 50o C) was obtained which turned out to be 70.06 and 71.21 mg/g respectively. Adsorption of lead and copper ions was according to pseudo-second-order kinetics and with relation to coefficients equal to 0.91 and 0.99 respectively and being fit with Langmuir adsorption model. Positive values of enthalpy (DHo) indicated the endothermic nature of the process and negative values of free energy (DGo) thus indicating the spontaneity of the process.Conclusion: Adsorption of lead and copper ions on the adsorbent under optimum condition turned out to be 98%. The results showed that Fe3O4 nanoparticles modified with orange peel can be an effective adsorbent for the removal of lead and copper ions from contaminated water resources.

Introduction: Some inter-proximal areas of teeth are not available to brushing thus dental flossing for eliminating plaque is needed. The aim of this study was to assess the determining factors based on trans-theoretical model (TTM) among high school students.Methods: This descriptive, analytical, cross- sectional study was conducted during April and May 2012. 653 high schools students of Pakdasht in Iran were selected through multi-stages cluster-sampling method and participated in this study. A Researcher-designed questionnaire, including demographic information, stage of change, self efficacy, perceived benefits and barriers parts for collecting data was used. Data were collected based on TTM framework. Content validity of the questionnaire was determined using Lawsche’s formula and CVI=0.97 and its reliability was specified through Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.83). Data were then analyzed by SPSS software V15. Logistic Regression, spearman Correlation, ANOVA and nonparametric tests were used as the statistical methods.Results: The majority of students 73% (n=477) in dental flossing were in pre-contemplation and contemplation stages of change. Self efficacy and perceived benefits scores were lower in primary stage of change and perceived barriers were higher at the primary stage (p<0.000). Moreover, it was found that increase in perceived self efficacy enhances chance of dental flossing and maintaining this behavior more than six month, and increase in perceived barriers of people declines this chance (p<0.000).Conclusion: The findings showed a high percentage of students were in pre-contemplation and contemplation stages in dental flossing behaviorthus probably will expose with inter-dental decays in the future. Self efficacy, perceived benefits and barriers are determinant factors of dental flossing which should be considered in educational programs.

Introduction: Obesity has become epidemic worldwide and is now a great public and clinical health challenge. Metabolic syndrome is one of the disorders associated with obesity. Accumulating evidence shows inverse correlation of serum 25 (OH) D3 with obesity and anthropometric parameters. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on anthropometric parameters in patients with metabolic syndrome.Methods: We utilized randomized controlled double-blind intervention, administering 300,000 IU vitamin D in divided doses of 6 50,000 IU pearls per day to the treatment group and 6 pearls of placebo to control group in the first week of intervention. Participants were 88 men and women aged 30 to 65 which had metabolic syndrome according to NCEP-ATP III definition and had referred to diabetes clinic of Emam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran. 25 (OH) D3 levels and anthropometric parameters including weight, BMI, waist circumference and waist to hip ratio were measured at the beginning and 3 months later.Results: There was a significant increase in serum 25 (OH) D3 levels from 20 ng/ml to 33 ng/ml at the end of the study in vitamin D supplemented group (P-value < 0.001). There was a significant decrease in waist circumference in the vitamin D supplemented group at the end of the study (P-value = 0.005). There was no significant difference in weight, BMI and waist to hip ratio in the groups at the end of the study.Conclusion: Improving vitamin D status decreases waist circumference but does not affect other anthropometric parameters in patients with metabolic syndrome.

Introduction: Phenol is one of the aromatic hydrocarbons that exist in wastewater of various industries such as manufacturing chemicals, oil refinery and petrochemical industries. Because of its high toxicity and undesirable effect on organisms, its concentration control is essential in nature. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of the Fenton oxidation process for the removal of phenol from synthetic wastewater.Methods: This is an experimental study. At the laboratory scale and in a batch system, the effect of pH, the optimal values of Fe 2+ and H2O2, exposure time and different concentrations of phenol on the removal efficiency of phenol was studied. In the samples, Phenol was measured by high-performance liquid chromatograph equipped with UV-Visible detector.Results: The results indicated that phenol with initial concentration of1.6 mM/Lin optimal conditions of pH =3, Fe2+=0.09 mM/L and H2O2=5.9mM/L (Fe2+/ H2O2= 0.015) was removed about 97% after 15 minutes. Increasing initial concentrations of phenol from1.6to3.7 mM / L caused a decrease in removal efficiency from 97 to 75%. The optimum ratio of Fe2+/ H2O2/Phenol was 0. 01.Conclusion: This method can be used as a suitable alternative option for the removal of phenol to meet environmental standards.

Introduction: Occupational accidents impose a lot of costs on the national economy of the country. Estimation of these costs contributes to decision-making for cost control. This study aims to estimate economic damages to the Social Security Organization caused by occupational accidents in Yazd, 2008-2009.Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study in which the total 990 occupational accidents registered in 1387 and 2008 in Yazd were investigated to determine costs of insurance and medical care. The data were collected through interview as well as the information from the Head Office and Department for Clinical Affairs of Social Security in Yazd. Data analysis was carried out by SPSS 15 using Kruskal-Wallis and Correlation tests.Results: According to the results of this study, the total costs of insurance and medical care for the 990 occupational accidents were calculated to be 54 billion Rials, while the total premium received from the accident victims has been 9.37 billion Rials in the two years.Conclusion: The findings of this study suggested that the type of occupation and workshop are significantly related to the insurance and medical costs. Therefore, the Social Security Organization should invest on improvement of occupations and workshops safety.

Introduction: Milk and dairy products for their quality and quantity of nutrients are the most basic nutritional substances for pregnant and lactating mothers and can best meet the needs of mothers and their fetuses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice of mothers about milk and dairy products in the city of Yazd.Methods: This is a descriptive and cross-sectional study involving 254 pregnant women which was conducted in Yazd. Our data were collected by a researcher- made questionnaire based on demographic variables and questions about knowledge, attitude and practice. The data were analyzed by SPSS18, using descriptive and inferential tests.Results: Mean of maternal age was 26.8 ± 4.98 years, and 50.8% of them were in their first pregnancy. The knowledge of 39.8% of the mothers about using the dairy was appropriate and the attitude of 13.8% of women in this area was good.Only practice of 6.3% of mothers in milk and dairy consumption was based on recommended values. There was no significant difference between milk consumption among pregnancy and non pregnancy condition of the participants. In addition, a significant relationship was found between the levels of their education and awareness. According to the findings, there was no significant correlation between their knowledge and attitude.Conclusion: The results of this study showed that mothers' level of knowledge and attitude is moderate on milk and dairy products and pregnant women's consumption of them is less than the recommended minimum. Therefore, to improve the health of mothers and their children who make future of each society it is urgent to include promoting nutritional awareness of mothers especially on consumption of milk and dairy products.

Introduction: Color is one of the indices of water pollution. Discharge of colored effluent can damage to receiving water resources. One of the proposed methods for treating dyeing wastewater is electrocoagulation process. In this study, decolorization of the real textile effluent by electrocoagulation process using monopolar iron electrodes was studied.Methods: This study was run experimentally in the electrochemical batch reactor with a useful volume of 0.5 L. Reactor was equipped with 4 iron plate electrodes that were connected to direct current (DC) power in monopolar mode. The 400mL of wastewater into the reactor in each stage of test and effects of operation parameters such as current density (5.02-26.04 mA), reaction time (20-60 min) and the pH of wastewater (pH=4-9) were studied in color and COD removal efficiency.Results: The results showed that the color and COD removal efficiency increases with increasing of the current density, reaction time and pH. Optimum operation conditions were observed in current density (15.62 mA/cm2), retention time (60 minutes) and pH=9. In this condition, color & COD removals and the electrical energy consumption were 92%, 89% and 26.25kWhm-3 respectively.Conclusion: This study showed that electrocoagulation process with iron electrodes in decolorization of textile wastewater is an effective and efficient method.

Introduction: Kidney stone is the most common chronic kidney condition after hypertension. kidney stone recurrence is common worldwide and it is estimated that almost 50% of stone formers will have a recurrence within 10 years. Patients' knowledge on kidney stones and its recurrence prevention is an important factor in preventive behaviors of kidney stone recurrence. This study aimed to determinine the preventive behaviors of kidney stone recurrence on it and its relation to knowledge on it and also knowledge on it receiving resources.Methods: This descriptive- analytical study was performed as cross-sectional. The sample size consisted of 210 persons who had referred to 3 care centers in Yazd. Data Collection instrument was a questionnaire that had two parts: the first part was demographic information and the second part was scales for preventive behavior of kidney stones recurrence, knowledge aassessment and cues to action which were completed with interview. Data were analyzed with T-test, ANOVA, X2 and correlation coefficient test thnough spss 16.Results: Mean score of recurrence preventive behaviors was 38.75±7.85 from 70; the Mean score on knowledge was 9.49±7.85 from 25 and Mean score of cues to action was 2.67±1.78 from 8. The lowest reported recurrence preventive behavior was consulting with a registered dietitian or specialist about consumption of fruits and vegetables. The lowest reported knowledge was about dairy consumption in individuals with a history of kidney stone (21.4%), and the highest reported cues to action was other kidney stone patients (54.3%). Pearson correlation showed a positive correlation between preventive behaviors, knowledge and cues to action (P<0.05).Conclusion: Regarding the low rate of knowledge and performance of the subjects as well as the high age of patients suffering from kidney stones and lack of enough education in this group, health staff can be the most important source of knowledge for these people about preventive behaviors of kidney stones recurrence.

Introduction: Birth of a mentally-retarded child affectes the quality of life of parents, and accepting the facts, patience, and tolerance when dealing with problems depend greatly on the parents’ worldview. In this regard, the present study was planned to assess the relationship between appeal to God and meaningful life of parents of mentally retarded children in Zahedan city.Methods: This is a descriptive - correlational study and its population were parents of mentally-retarded children who had referred to Zahedan welfare organization between Septembers to November 2012 out of whom 125 parents were selected by targeted sampling method. The study instruments included measures of appeal style to God (Larson and Ghobari, 2009) and meaningful life scale (Battista & Almond, 1973). The scores were analyzed using Spearman correlation coefficient and multiple regression by SPSS17.Results: parent’s appeal to God and meaningful life were relatively desirable. There was a significant positive correlation between appeal to God and meaningful life. Multiple regression results showed that from subscales of appeal to God, maintaining proximity to God, God as a secure base, and positive own perception can explain and predict the meaningful life of these parents.Conclusion: Given a significant positive correlation between appeal to God and meaningful life, it is suggested including spirituality therapy sessions and teaching religious coping methods to reduce stress and thus make meaningful life in these parents by welfare, education of exceptional children, and radio and television organizations.

Introduction: one of the essential needs of young couples is to have knowledge in the field of health reproduction that will have significant impact on health improvement and family bonds. recognization of young couples are lead more attention of policy maker towards issues which is contained low level of knowledge for the young couples. Presenting the required training to young couples will help to have better undersanding of their thoughts and feelings and make decisions more corrective and appropriate for themselves about reproductive health issues.Methods: this is a descriptive study. The statistical population is volentier couples who have reffering to the premartial counseling centers that they had been married since last year to express their training needs based on experince of the life. The samples are included 240 couples and data instrument was the questionnaires that directly were interviewed and data were analyzed by use of SPSS software.Results: less educated, rurals, home worker and laborershas more training need than the others and there is a significant difference. (p=0.000). but training need is not related to the marriageable age, gender and there was no significant difference(p>0.50). The young couples are explained the lessamount of training needs in case of form and function of the reproductive system, method of contraception from prognancy, preparation needs before sextual, simultanios and how they can have sexual relation and how they have sexual and intercourse intercourse and statidfy. While the need of training based on healthy issue during menstruation and time of intercourse, how to become pregnant, sexually transmitted, high risk prognancies, congenital diseases, common cancerns, sexual dysfunction are more and more mentioned.Conclusion: Training needs of couples should be more considered. For the rurals and less educated groupit should be perform supplementory classes after the marriage. Based on the achieved requierments, topics, programs and appropriate training facilities with them should be consider.

Introduction: Denture stomatitis is known as common complications in denture users, caused by adherence and colonization of Candida albicans on denture surfaces. Decontamination of dental prostheses using common chemical disinfectants brings about allergic disorders. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Lawsonia inermis extracts and Sodium hypochlorite for disinfection of resin acryl plaques, which experimentally contaminated with C. albican.Methods: In present experimental study 100 square shape, 10×10×1 mm acrylic resin plates were inoculated in C. albicans suspension. The average number of Candida cells which adhered to 12 randomly selected acryl resin plates was firstly determined and 88 remaining plates were divided in 4 groups that were immersed for 8 hours in 500mg/100cc lawsonia inermis extracts 2% Sodium Hypochlorite as test groups, and 100000 IU Nystatin and distilled water as positive and negative control groups respectively. The Candida removing ability of 2 disinfectants and the control groups was assessed by comparing the number of colony forming units per 1 ml of the plates washing solution cultivated on Sabouraud dextrose agar plates before and after the removing protocol. Data was analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests.Results: There was seen a statistically significant differences in average viable C. albicans cells isolated from acryl resin plates before and after disinfection with lawsonia inermis extract, Sodium hypochlorite and Nystatin (P=0.0001). Sodium hypochlorite reduced 100% of attached Candida on the rein acryl plates; Lawsonia inermis extract more than 80% and only less than 25% by distilled water.Conclusions: According to present results, it seems that lawsonia inermis extracts, which is inexpensive and without any side effects, it can be suggested for controlling of Candida biofilm and prevention of denture stomatitis.

Introduction: The nursing workforce shortage or its inappropriate distribution is one of the major problems in hospitals. This study aimed to determine the optimum number of nurse staff in the emergency department of a teaching hospital.Method: This is a descriptive-analytic cross-sectional study. The study population included patients' medical records admitted to the emergency department. Using cluster sampling, August was selected as a cluster. Sample size was determined using the sample size formula, and 384 records were randomly selected from August. A check list of nursing services timing was data collection tool. To develop the checklist, patients' medical records were reviewed to identify emergency department nursing services and 19 nursing services were listed. Data were then analyzed using linear programming techniques and Lingo12.0 software.Results: The average entry of patients, nursing services provided, and the percentage of patients who had received each service, were used as the model inputs. Model limitations included time constraints, supply constraints, and non-negative variable constraints. The software's output showed that the optimal number of nurses in the morning shift was14, in the evening shift 12, and in the night shift was 15. So a total of 42 nurses is the optimal number and it was detected that this emergency unit was faced with a shortage of 19 nurses particularly in night shift.Conclusion: The results indicated that the emergency department of the studied hospital is facing with nurse shortage, particularly at night shift. Solutions to fit the number of nurses with patients in this emergency department can be classified in two areas of demand and supply of emergency services at different hours of day. Since only the early hours of the night shift is faced with large numbers of patients, the rational allocation of overtime to the evening shift nursing staff can be helpful. Furthermore, the hospital can correctly implement the triage nursing so that patient with high priority will serve at the best time.

Introduction: exposure to noise pollution leaves Different effects on human. Goal in this Paper is the prioritizing methods of control and reduce noise pollution in Larestan cement Factory using analytical hierarchy process (AHP).Methods: For screening criteria and methods used in AHP technique, Delphi method was used. After polling of 15 experts, 8 criteria and 9 methods was selected from their consensus. Then, in order to prioritizing methods of reduce and control noise pollution, carried out Paired comparison of the methods and criteria, by experts using Analytical Hierarchy Process.Results: result of paired comparison of criteria show that initial investment cost was the most important criteria with the relative weight of 0.247, satisfaction from using of method, Account for the least important with the relative weight of 0.035. A paired comparison of methods according to the target of selecting control methods show that Personal exposure to noise Control method with the weight of 0.224. was the first priority, and Insulation of building’s Method with the weight of 0.067 was the last priority.Conclusion: Because of personal exposure to noise control method obtained as the best method of controlling noise pollution in this Factory, ACGIH instruction about the time of noise exposure in the workplace suggested to directors.

introduction: Nitrate ion in drinking water has been found to have a significant effect against health human. Nitrate is an acute toxic; it can be reduced to nitrite in the stomach when it can lead to have blue baby diseases in infants. This research is directed towards to elucidate the nitrate removal efficiency by kernel ashes of olive in water supply.Methods: This experimental study was conducted in a batch laboratory scale. The batch flow experiments for nitrate removal were undertaken to investigate the effects of the different parameters such as: initial concentrations of nitrate solution (50, 100, 150 mg/l), initial pH (3, 5, 7, 9), detention time (15, 30, 60, 120, 180 min), and weight of adsorbent (. 04,. 06.. 08 gr). Nitrate concentrations were measured by standard method using a spectrophotometer at two wavelengths 220 and 275 nm.Results: The Results obtained showed that the removal efficiency increases when the time and adsorbent dose is increased. By decreasing of pH value and the initial concentration of nitrate, the removal efficiency would be increased significantly. Investsigation of the effect of nitrate initial concentration showed that increasing initial concentration of nitrate from 50 to 150 mg/l and without changing absorbent dose would lead to decrease in the absorption efficiency from 88% to 48% but the absorption capacity (qe) increased from 8.31 to 14.3. Moreover the maximum absorption took Place at 60 min of the first reaction.Conclusion: Nitrate removal by olive kernel ashes are considered as effective and appropriate method compared with other absorbents and the process is more efficient at acidic pH.