JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES
Year:2004 | Volume:37 | Issue:1|Papers Count:14

The objective of the present paper is to detennine the factor(s) involved in the death of metaphor, or better said, .lexicalization of metaphorical concepts.To achieve the objective, attempts have been made to provide the readers with definitions proposed by scholars. Furthennore, the writer describes the manner in which metaphor is fonned, drawing a distinction between "dead" and "live" metaphors, showing how a live metaphor turns into a lexical polysemy entering dictionaries.

This article describes Persian as a language that, while maintaining its cultural"and historical identity, shows a great capacity for keeping abreast with modem technological and scientific tenns, playing an important role is the production and transfer of knowledge and culture. In this encounter with other languages, Persian is not corrupted; rather, it engages in a constructive interaction with them. In this article, the writer first presents a cursory historical survey of Persian, including the historical events happening to Persian, and then describes the potentialities and capabilities of Persian for production and transfer of knowledge.

In this article, the writer describes the historical development of the indicative past in Persian, showing what methods Persian speakers have used for three thousand years to indicate an event happening in the past. The examples, taken from Old Persian texts, Middle Persian texts and Modem Persian texts, show that the structure of this tense has not had a fixed form, changing in each period. This survey sheds light on the nature, origin, history and applications of this tense.

In this article, the writer has made an attempt to discuss Nimats employment of Imagery in his free verse. The general principles governing Nima"s mental framework toward imagery are as follows: 1. Employing dramatic-narrative techniques; 2. Replacing Images; 3. Using symmetrical images; 4. Employing simile, metaphor and personification; 5. Using local images; 6. Showing a tendency toward symbolism; 7. Paying attention to the role of auditory images; 8. Paying attention to dynamic and static images; 9. Creating harmony and homogeneity among poetic elements; 10.Using other techniques.

Sociolinguists believe that languages reflect, to varying degrees, the realities and features of the world around them. In other words, language is not used in vacuum; rather, it is influenced by the environment in whcih it is spoken. This can be true about literary works as well. In the poetry of Nima, a good case in point, the linguistic characteristics as well as the imagery reflect the influences of the environment of Mazandaran. In this article, the writer makes an attempt to show, from a sociolinguistic point of view, certain environmental influences in the poetry ofNima.

In 1960, a number of French writers including Raymond Queneau, Franscois Le Lionnais, Georges Perec organized a literary movement called oulipo. Rejecting the conventions and traditions dominating literature, they concentrated on the text itself and made constructive innovations and created play and obligation, thus injecting a fresh life into the sickening literature. They were interested both in poetry and prose, mostly novels. Creating new methods of writing poetry such as isogramme, anagramme, acrostiche, etc., which stimulated the curiosity ofthe reader, they opened up new vistas for writing poetry. In the field of the novel too, Georges Perec and Raymond Queneau made the most innovative contributions. Opting forlipogrammic and monovocalic methods, they made a great upheaval in the field of literature.

Unattainable love, eshg-e Ozr~, is the kind of love in which the lover and the beloved, while being completely devoted to each other, observe certain principles such as practicing piety in attaining love, hiding the secret of love and finally sacrificing one"s life in the cause of love. As far as selfsacrifice is concerned, Majnoon is an example of an unattainable lover, but he is unable to hide the secret of love. As for practicing piety in the way of love, he is, to some extent, a good example. On the other hand, Majnoon is an important figure in Arabic literature as an example of an unattainable poet. His attitude toward poetry and its principles are also taken up in this article. Origin of Ferdowsi"s views on creation, The sky, the moon, the sun and the earth Nasrin AIi Akbari Traditionally, Persian poets have talked about creation in the beginning of their divans. Dealing with this topic right after praising God and the Prophet gives these works of poetry an Islamic air, even though in some cases the question of creation has been dealt with from other viewpoints. In his account of creation, Ferdowsi has benefited from both the Semitic and 6

Traditionally, Persian poets have talked about creation in the beginning of their divans. Dealing with this topic right after praising God and the Prophet gives these works of poetry an Islamic air, even though in some cases the question of creation has been dealt with from other viewpoints. In his account of creation, Ferdowsi has benefited from both the Semitic andIranian cultures. His discussion of the creation of the celestial phenomena provides proof for this claim.

In Arabic literature, picaresque writing was initiated by Badi"olzaman Hamadani and reached its culmination in Hariri. In Persian literature, Ghazi Hamidoddin Balkhi presents the only example of picaresque writing. In the seventh century A.H., influenced by Hamidi"s way of writing picaresque stories and drawing on his own talent, Sa"di wrote two poetic picaresque stories in Boostan. In this article, the writer makes an attempt to introduce these two picaresque stories by comparing them with the structure ,of picaresque stories in Arabic literature.

The purpose of this article is to interpret, from a comparative and phenomenological point of view, Sartre"s Nausea and Hedayat"s Blind Owl with regard to the existential experience of pure existence, which is the basic problem of Existentialism. In The Blind Owl and Nausea the habitual preconceptions concerning the objects and things are stripped away. Such an experience reveals "the pure, alien," contingent and sheer factity of thing~ To analyze such an encounter with the world, careful examination ofIntentionality and the correlation between consciousness and the world seems inevitable. Thus the objects and everything transcendent are perceived as immanent and described as given in perception. The chief characteristic of phenomenologicaI interpretation is that it is oriented entirely towards what is given immediately in intuition (Anschauung). "Givenness (Gegebenheit)" as Heidegger has put it is the magic word of phenomenologists. The author has benefited from the philosophy of Sartre as expressed in his magnum opus Being and Nothingness, to unravel the depth of this phenomenon and has tried not to transcend the realm of phenomenology.

One of the most important and controversial questions in Arabic grammar is Tazmin,for which there is no equivalent in English. It happens when a verb takes a preposition which seems unusual in general prepositional phrases. This style of t..pression, considered as a deviation from the norms in ordinary usage of the language, enables us to combinethe meaning of the two words in that of a single one. The major challenge is how to adjust the preposition to the verb. Here one can distinguish two main trends. The first follows the Basrian School, which emphasizes the paraphrasing of verbs. The second trend is influenced by Kufian School, which focuses on the replacement of prepositions. The writers of the present I article define this grammatical structure by representing examples from theverses of the Holy Qur"an and discuss it from syntactic and rhetorical points of view.

The attack of the French army to Egypt in 1798 brought with it a new culture and civilization. From the time they left the country and the time Mohammad Ali Pasha seized power, the country was in political turmoil. Following the policies of Europeans, Mohamamd Ali Pasha tried to modernize the country by dispatching students to foreign universities, using the services of European experts, and translation of modern scientific texts. Tahtavi is among the important men in this period who, mastering Arabic and learning French while in France, began to translate scientific texts into Arabic. He educated a generation of translators who brought about a cultural change as well as a translation movement.

There are certain verb phrases in current Persian that need to make use of enclitic pronouns instead of demonstratives. These verbs, often used to express emotions, are variously referred to "intransitive verbs" and "Impersonal verbs". Some examples of these verbs are yأd¢am raft, saxtat bud, xande"as gereft " mأ¢temأ¢n bard, garmetأ¢n sod, badesأ¢n "أ¢mad.These phrases are conjugated in most tenses, imperative case being an exception; besides the enclitic pronoun is neither omitted nor substituted by another word. In the case where they begin with nouns or independent pronouns, these phrases concord, in number and person, with the enclitic pronoun. Examples:"أ¢nhأ£ xoses أ¢n " أ¢mad, to dirat sod. The purpose of this article is twofold: firstly, to identify the construction of these verbs in classical Persian texts, showing the various stages of their development; secondly, to describe their grammatical characteristics in modem Persian in comparison with the old Persian.