Journal of Researches of Quran and Hadith Sciences
Year:2018 | Volume:15 | Issue:2 (38) |Papers Count:7

Enjoyment of the rewards of preserving (or memorizing) forty hadiths for the nation, which has been mentioned in the Prophetic narratives, has led to a type of hadith writings called 'Arba'een writings. This style among Shiites and Sunnis, since the first 'Arba'een has compiled in the second century AH until the writings in the present day, has passed its evolution in two different tracks; these writings can be divided in two types of thematic and documentary (sanad) 'Arba'een writings. This study investigated interactions between Shi'as and Sunnis in periods of ups and downs of Arba'een writing to achieve the status of a style of an evolved tradition writing. It shows that Sunnis firstly commenced compiling 'Arba'een books and before Shi'as they evolved its thematic and documentary types. It has begun by Shi'as through compiling virtues and usually continued in thematic type. In contemporary, the interest has been reduced among Sunnis, but Shiite authors have considered it continuously.

The Qur’ an is most reliable of existing documents for deducing jurisprudential rulings. However, like other verses, jurisprudential verses have also engaged with some contradictory and incorrect interpretations and perceptions. Azizah Hibri is one of the American Muslim woman thinkers and one of the originators of the Islamic-Qur’ anic Feminist Theory. She has challenged the Islamic thinkers’ perspective on “ Beating Woman” presenting under the verse Nisā ʼ : 34 and has completely proposed different ideas. This research, based on descriptive-analytical method, aims to answer the question that “ what is the critique of Azizah Hibri's views of the interpretation of beating woman in the verse Nisā ʼ : 34” ? The main critiques of her views and arguments are as follow: 1. The acceptance of beating woman dose not prove the superiority of male gender over female and does not bring about Polytheism, 2. There are no contradictions between beating women and their reverence in the Prophetic traditions, 3. The acceptance of changing the sentence in the verse beating requires the adoption of Ijtihā d (initiatory power) versus Naṣ ṣ (Qur’ an or Hadith Text themselves), 4. The obedience to husband under Sharī ʽ ah’ s rules is the same obedience to Allah, 5. The woman’ s obedience to husband is necessary in Matrimonial matters and, for various reasons, the interpretation of beating woman while committing prostitution is not correct.

One of the most important notions in the Qur'an is the word “ Shafā ʽ ah” (Intercession) that causes the reflection and in-depth pondering of any Qur’ anic scholars. Although attempts of philologists, exegetes, theologians, and scholars have been done in order to explain some of its semantic layers, all components and layers of its meaning have not yet been investigated through a semantic approach. Considering its semantic range in the Qur’ an, the meaning of this word is extracted in relation to other key words including nuṣ rat, wilā yat, etc. that many of its semantic components should be sought in the higher layers. The present research, with regard to the semantic method which is an analytical and accurate study of the text, clarifies the semantic meaning of the word “ shafā ʽ ah” and its components in the holy Qur’ an. Findings show that the word regarding its succeeded concepts of nuṣ rat (helping) and wilā yat (initiatory power), its related concepts of nuṣ rat (helping), ta’ ī d (improving), najā t (saving), and faḍ l (virtue), and its opposite concepts of la'n (cursing), ḥ abṭ-i ʼ aʽ mā l (ruining deeds), and severe punishment in the World and the Hereafter, is in a single semantic range. Discovering the semantic components of “ shafā ʽ ah” leads to more manifestation of shining Qur’ anic notions for true researchers, avoidance of segregated and selective understandings, and showing the specific and systematic worldview of the Holy Qur'an.

This study is going to analyze the papers relating to the situational contexts also the linguistical roles in the verses 8-20 of Baqareh (cow) plus 1-8 of Monafeqon (dissenters) according to the needs and the expriential priorities of interpratation. From the old time the deep comprehenshion of the verses has been considered by the interprators. The analyzing of the different context and the inner contacts between verses are with the aim of defining the meaning coherence and correlation. The context is an important counterpart which makes the capability of the testifying of the confirmation in the different times. The term context is devided into two patrs the intextual and out textual by intextual we mean the analyzing the role of linguistic elements in the text and its effect in the meaning comprehension. And the out textual context is the very text creativity and the different elements will effect on it. By achieving the result first, the interpratation of verses will be clarified then in the way of connecting the meaning of the of the verses the context correlation and the reasons of the terms of the verses will be defined according to the context of the delivery as well as the context and the role of the speakers as well as the addressee.

In exegetical and Qur’ anic studies sources, in order to determine “ the cause of revelation” or recognize a chapter or a verse as “ Meccan (makkī ) or Medinan (madanī )” , sometimes the criterion of “ repetition of revelation” is the main proof. Confronting with various and contradictory traditions, the supporters of this view bring up the theory of “ repetition of revelation” . This group of researchers has identified the authenticity of the chain of transmitters (sanad) and the type of a narrator's statement to determine the cause of the revelation (asbā b al-nuzū l); however, the limitation of the criterion of recognizing a verse or chapter as Meccan or Medinan to the authenticity of the chain of transmitters and the type of a narrator's interpretation, along with the primary presumption of the lack of ijtihā d of narrators, has created the emergence of different and contradictory narratives. Therefore, because of the inadvertence of the prevalence of such contradictory traditions, they carry them on “ repetition of revelation” and practically avoid the critique and denial of narratives. The reasons rendered by the advocates of this theory, scientifically, are not reliable; According to the principles of hadith studies, it is possible to prefer some traditions related to the sphere of revelation verses or chapters to others, while the opinions of the proponents of this theory are contradictory in justifying the alleged cases, and the failure to register the verses and chapters alleged in the official codex is another evidence for the inaccuracy of “ the repetition of revelation” theory.

One of the names of the Qur’ an is “ Dhikr” and one of its most important features is “ Tadhakkur” (reminding others). The present study, investigating the verses encompassing this feature, through a chronological order from the period of Mecca to the end of Medina, is recognized as a first research focusing new aspects of the textual coherence in the Qur’ an which reveals the conceptual harmony and the internal coherence of the Qur’ an. The Qur’ anic verses in this subject can be categorized under four stages beginning with “ Dhikrun lil ’ Ā lamī n” (The remembrance for the worlds). The first stage concerns the Qur’ an itself and its pervasive reminding. The second stage refers to the addressees and the conditions required for their acceptance. The third stage addresses the believers and in a general reaction the “ ’ Itbā ʽ ” and “ ʼ Iʽ rā ḍ ” in facing with “ Dhikr” would oppose each other. The last stage is devoted to the elaboration and completion of the teachings included in the previous stages with a different approach. In regard with the chronology of revealing the verses which include the concept of reminding, these stages were inferred: Accepting the warning, Contemplation, Accepting the authority (Guardianship) and Believing in the Qur’ an. In a general perspective, the structure and concepts of these verses, in addition to the above mentioned coherence, indicate “ Harmony of the Chronological Revelation” and a miraculous harmony between the structure and concept.

Noldeke’ s theory of “ descending order” is one of the most important views among Orientalists and his own, which, due to being detailed and having influence on other Orientalists’ Quranic studies, has ascended to a special position in the field of Qur’ anic studies. However, among the scientific endeavors about Noldeke’ s views and his theories, there is no writing that surveys and criticizes his method. Because of the importance of this theory and lack of researches regarding the pathology of it, the present paper aims to identify one of its methodological characteristics, i. e. “ the extreme use of the length of the verse in discovering the order of descending” , then by tracking it through symmetrizing and collecting signs, it would find the causes and factors of this method of using the length of the verse. In this descriptive-analytic essay two factors of Noldeke’ s Quantity-Orientation basis and being affected by German scientific discourse in the 19th and 20th centuries, are introduced as main causes of the extreme use of the length of the verse. As the intellectual principle of Quantity-Orientation leads the studies to quantitative and numerical elements such as the length of the verse, and the scientific discourse undoubtedly will have its effect on the trend of science.