JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN ASSOCIATION OF ARABIC LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
Year:2011 | Volume:7 | Issue:20|Papers Count:9

Sa'adi Shirazi who excelled in poetry is one of the most important Persian poets. His mastery over Arabic poetry makes a lot of critical studying on his Arabic poems. These studies, however, are sometimes exaggerated and sometimes unfair. As a matter of fact, the current study has tried to examine some aspects of Sa'adi's poetry that had either remained untouched by his critics, or were not studied ccorrectly. Further, the study reviews Sa'adi's creativity in Arabic poetry as well as a positive influence of Arabic culture on this great intellect.

This study aims to observe appearance and to show reasons behind superstition in the novels of Qada al-Samman and study their root cause. The novels studied include "Beirut 75", Kuwabis Beirut", Leilat al-Milyar", Al-Rawayat al-Mastahilat" and Sahra-e-Tankariyah lil-Mauti". The research is divided into two parts: "The superstition under the shadow of suppression" and "the superstition outside the circle of suppression". This woman Arabic novelist shows in her novels the close relationship between superstition and repression and the Arabic superstitious mentality.Based on this study, it can be said that Qada al-Samman tries to remove masks from face of the superstitious mentality in Arab societies, where this mentality is rooted widely without distinction between elite and common people.

Satirizing and humor have wide scope that sometimes echo severities and sufferings of human life. Undoubtedly, the self that is suffering from grave circumstance and crisis, escapes itself from this vortex through humor and satirical tools. Abuhayyan is one who despite skepticism to his life, gives comfort to the uncomfortable-self and saves it. Witticism of Abuhayyan about women is often abnormal and absurd because being suppressed from sexual instinct and being deprived of married life and motherly affection, he sees women merely a means of sexual pleasure and benefit. Similarly, his witticism about kids is a sort of childish dialect which is much considerable. In other instances, satirizing of Abuhayyan shows moral points and inter-playing with words, that is the testimony of his intelligence and repartee. Another type of witticism Abuhayyan pays heed to them, is mention the facetiae on the tongue of cheeseparing and parasites and gluttons that is preceded to his master Jahiz in many aspects. The last section of Abuhayyan facetiae is ridicule and comic portrait from people like Ben Abbad. These facetiae show that Abuhayyan replaces cries with laughter and his joking is mixed with a kind of latent bitterness.

The forest is one of the natural elements that is repeated in Arab Romantic poets' works. We sometimes see this element in their poems which was considered to be an instrument for breaking the Duality and movement toward unlimited absolute; and we sometimes find it as a symbol of return to that simple and preliminary Life, before that was changed and deformed and complicated by mankind. And at another time, we see it as a symbol of a holy place where man becomes able to get chaste love and rid himself of false covers and human chains. Therefore, these poets consider also the forest as a measure for human perfection and they want him to liken himself to that; so that he can release himself of false chains of society and of habits and customs which prevent him from freedom. And in the end, he can obtain moral perfection and pure feelings.

In the contemporary period, writing and researching about historical novels have acquired much importance. In the Arabic literature, this aspect has taken a new step with Jorji Zeydan. And so is the Persian literature, where people like Abdolhossein Sanatizadeh Kermani, under the influence of nationalism and freedom-loving tried to intensify nationalism and devotion among people. Consequently, under the influence of Jorji Zeydan's Abu Moslem Khorasani, Kermani authored Siyah Pushan but it seems that he could not attract the readers as much as Jorji Zeydan.In the current research, attempt has been made to highlight the abilities of these two in writing stories and their effects on readers.

In the contemporary era, color variation and poets awareness of this phenomena is due to their approach and deep intelligence about elements of the universe. The application of colors existed in ancient Arabic literature, but its direct reflection on the real life. In contemporary Arabic literature, colors are applied not only to beautify poems rather it is tool of symbolization.Factors such as policy-orientation, socialism and city affairs are counted as the main factors to express the symbolic bases by contemporary poets. A particular ideology and academic viewpoints of these poets along with their individual inauspicious incidents provide a background for the manifestation of some private symbols in poetry. Salah Abd al-Sabour is one of the contemporary Arabic poets who, in a widespread level, have applied symbolic colors. This essay intends to survey the colors in Sabour's poetry and their symbolic indications. The method is descriptive-analytical. The research illustrates that the poet has applied black, white, green, yellow, red, wheatish, gray and turquoise colors. The black color is the dominant one that manifests effects like citizens' not being naïve, their corruption, internal and external enemies and Zionist attacks.

The 'al', 'alef wa lam', or 'lam'- أل - is the variation of a word or a noun that has a great number of usages in Arabic sentences, and perhaps it is not an exaggeration if we say that it is the most usable morpheme in the Arabic language. Its varieties, usage and avoidance are among the prominent problems of teachers, which has further created problems not only for immature students, but for the experienced Arab professors as well. The issue around the usage of this word is not a contemporary problem; rather it has been a matter of disagreement and discussion for long. Many books on syntax, eloquence are full of useful items about this word, as well as differences in meaning which is the result of attaching or not attaching this morpheme to other nouns in Arabic. However, researches about variations of "al", and the meaning differential of this word must be carried out in the future studies.

Colonialism and combat against it is one of the features of Islam that has been shown quite often in the holy Qur'an. Raed Najib Keilani, with more than 30 novels that possess the Islamic essence, has been famed as pioneer of Islamic literature. He is the first writer who has focused on the sufferings of Muslims beyond the boundaries of the Arab world and Emalqeh al-Shmal is one such novel. The events of this novel that is narrated by a Muslim named «Osman Aminu» has derived from several historical ominous events associated with the years between 1965 and 1967 that occurred in Nigeria and it exposed malicious intentions of Zionist and British colonialists. It describes the sufferings of Muslims who loss lives and properties while combating colonialists. At the end, it exclusively details about psychological war tactics of Zionists and their propagation policies that were used to weaken the spirit of Muslims in the war famous as "Biafra".